The Management of Scientists

Académie des Sciences activities adaptation patterns administrative American attitudes Babbage basic research basic science biologists British Association C. D. Darlington C. P. Snow cent changes Charles Babbage chemical chemistry communication compromise creative decades direct École Polytechnique efforts ence England environment established example field France Frank Barron German Graduate School Ibid important institution interest involved Justus Liebig knowledge laboratory learning Liebig London major management of scientists meetings ment National Science Foundation nature nineteenth century non-technical Norman Kaplan Northeastern University Number of Publications organizational papers pattern physical physicists practical problems professional recognition Report research and development research managers research organization Revolution role Royal Society scientific companies scientific research scientific societies scientists and engineers secondary adaptation social scientists Sociology of Science studies technical tific tion tists tradition universities versity William Whewell York