The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of ScienceTaylor & Francis, 1892 |
Contents
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Common terms and phrases
absorption acid æther alcohol amount approximately beam camphor carbon cent centim centimetre centre chemical chloride coefficient coil compressive compressive stress constant copper corresponding curve deflexion density determined diameter dilute distance E.M.F. Calculated electric electrolytic electromotive force energy equal equation expansion experimental error experiments expression fluid formula freezing-point gabbro give given glass halogen heat hornblende hydrogen hydrogen sulphide inches increase length light liquid load Lord Rayleigh magnetic maximum mean measured mercury method mixture molecular volumes molecules motion neutral axis observed obtained paper parabola Phil platinum portion positive metal pressure Prof proportion propyl alcohol quantity quaternions radiation ratio represent resistance salts saturated vapour saussurite solution spectrum colour strain strain-figure strut substance supposed surface Table taken temperature tensile stress theory tion tube velocity Violet wave-length wire
Popular passages
Page 293 - ... degree than the other half; and that the probability of this happening before 1,000,000 years pass is 1000 times as great as that it will happen in the course of 1000 years, and that it certainly will happen in the course of some very long time. But let it be remembered that we have supposed the bar to be covered with an impermeable varnish. Do away with this impossible ideal, and believe the number of molecules in the universe to be infinite ; then we may say one-half of the bar will never become...
Page 297 - A, and 16 x 10" in B. Just half this fraction expresses the probability that the molecules of nitrogen are distributed in exactly the same proportion between A and B, because the number of molecules of nitrogen is four times greater than of oxygen. If n denote the molecules of one gas, and n...
Page 290 - And if also the materialistic hypothesis of life were true, living creatures would grow backwards, with conscious knowledge of the future, but no memory of the past, and would become again unborn. But the real phenomena of life infinitely transcend human science, and speculation regarding consequences of their imagined reversal is utterly unprofitable. Far otherwise, however, is it in respect to the reversal of the motions of matter uninfluenced by life, a very elementary consideration of which leads...
Page 293 - Let an hermetically sealed glass jar of air contain 2,000,000,000,000 molecules of oxygen, and 8,000,000,000,000 molecules of nitrogen. If examined any time in the infinitely distant future, what is the number of chances against one that all the molecules of oxygen and none of nitrogen shall be found in one stated part of the vessel equal in volume to...
Page 292 - ... and collisions must be to equalize the distribution of energy among them in the gross ; and after a sufficiently long time, from the supposed initial arrangement, the difference of energy in any two equal volumes, each containing a very great number of molecules, must bear a very small proportion...
Page 464 - In the ultimate state of the system, the average kinetic energy of two given portions of the system must be in the ratio of the number of degrees of freedom of those portions.
Page 294 - ... of the whole ? The number expressing the answer in the Arabic notation has about 2,173,220,000,000 of places of whole numbers. On the other hand, the chance against there being exactly...
Page 292 - ... the beginning; so that the given initial unequal distribution of temperature will again be found, with only the difference that each particle is moving in the direction reverse to that of its initial motion. This difference will not prevent an instantaneous subsequent commencement of equalization, which, with entirely different paths for the individual molecules, will go on in the average according to the same law as that which took place immediately after the system was first left to itself....
Page 294 - ... to 1. APPENDIX. Calculation of probability respecting Diffusion of Gases. For simplicity, I suppose the sphere of action of each molecule to be infinitely small in comparison with its average distance from its nearest neighbour ; thus, the sum of the volumes of the spheres of action of all the molecules will be infinitely small in proportion to the whole volume of the containing vessel. For brevity, space external to the sphere of action of every molecule will be called free space: and a molecule...
Page 294 - ... distance from its nearest neighbour; thus, the sum of the volumes of the spheres of action of all the molecules will be infinitely small in proportion to the whole volume of the containing vessel. For brevity, space external to the sphere of action of every molecule will be called free space : and a molecule will be said to be in free space at any time when its sphere of action is wholly in free space ; that is to say, when its sphere of action does not overlap the sphere of action of any other...