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formed of rectangular squared stones equal in workmanship to those that compose the tomb of Atreus at Mycena. A similar arrangement was observed in the walls of Melos, by Mons. Jassand.

On the western coast of Asia, Minor Dr. Chandler has mentioned under the improper name of incertum the Cyclopean structures that confine the bed of the Cayster near Ephesus. Mons. le Chevalier had observed the two structures united in the walls of the citadel of Prusa in Bithynia; and in his journey in the Troad, he gave an engraving of a tumulus coated with a wall of Cyclopean structure. Similar remains had been discovered by Mons. Gropius on one of the summits of mount Sipylus, near Smyrna, in the ruins of two cities, and of several tumuli, some being of polygonal, others of squared blocks. The distance of time at which these two cities were founded, seems confirmed by the different structure of the tumuli corresponding to that of the walls. One of these tumuli is 320 feet in circumference, and of a proportional conical height. Mons. Tricon, pursuing the researches of Mons. Gropins on other heights of Sipylus, has discovered the ruins of two other cities, the external walls of which are of Cyclopean structure, while

those of the buildings within are of squared stones. The latter he supposes to be the less ancient; and tumuli of both structures, found in the vicinity, countenance the opi nion of their having been formed at two periods. Both however appear to be of high antiquity, as not a single fragment of a column or inscription has been seen among them. He intends to continue his investigation throughout Caria and Ionia.

On the northern coasts of this country, we learn from Mons. Fourcade, that the moles of the ports of Siuope and Amisus are of Cyclopean structure, as are also the most ancient tumuli. One of these tumuli has been opened, and in it were found pieces of gold, that had beer cast, and on which characters were perceptible. In his way to France, Mons. F. was obliged to land in the Crimea, and there he found half the peninsula of Kertsch surrounded with gigantic tumuli. They are sixty-six in number, formed of earth coated with blocks of stone. In these we find every gradation of structure that occurs in the walls of the ancient cities of Greece, from the most irregular polygons, almost down to the square. These were probably the tombs of the ancient kings of the Tauric Chersonese.

DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTS, MANUFACTURES, &c.

Machine for separating Iron Filings from their mixture with other metals; by Mr. J. D. Ross, of Princesstreet, Soho.

THE

HE object of the machine I have invented is to separate iron filings, turnings, &c. from those of brass or finer metals, in place of the

slow and tedious process hitherte employed, which is by a common magnet held in the hand. By my invention many magnets may now be employed at once, combined and attached to a machine on a large scale. The magnetic hammers are so contrived as to take up the iron

filings from the mixture of them with other filings, or metallic particles, placed in the trays or end-boxes, and drop them into the receiving box in the centre, which is effected by the alternate motion of a winch-handle, working the two magnetic hammers placed at the two angles of a quadrant or anchor. In proportion to the power of the magnets and to the force of the blow given by the hammers, a great quantity of iron is separated from the brass, by the alternate motion, and dropped into the receiver placed in the centre of the machine.

I have shewed the model to per sons engaged in various metallic works, who gave me great encourage ment by their signatures and sanc

tion.

A new invented Reel for Mill-spuri

yarn.

A Reel, intended for the use of millspinners, has been invented by a manufacturer in Montrose, so construct ed that it will not move after a thread breaks, which will entirely prevent the false tell, so much complained of in mill-spun yarn. A model, upon a small scale, is at present in the possession of the inventor, and is acknowledged by all who have seen it, to be both simple and perfect; and, however careless servants may be, it will be intposible for them, without an intended fraud, to make bad work; and more can be done with the new reel, than by the present mode of reeling.

Some remarks on materials used in bleaching, resulting from the late discoveries in chemistry, by Dr. Davy. The acid known by the name of oxymuriatic acid, and so important in the process of bleaching, has been stated by Lavoisier, and the French chemists to be a compound of muria

BELFAST MAG. NO. XXXV.

tic and oxygen; but Dr. Davy asserts that it is a simple substance sui generis, not containing oxygen, but possessing of itself an acidifying principle when combined with an inflammable basis. Muriatic acid is, according to Dr. Davy, a compound of this principle with hydrogen. Some of the experiments exhibited in support of this opinion, are the following:-Perfectly dry oxymu riatic acid gas and hydrogen gas were burned together without any water being produced, which must have been the case had this gas contained Oxygen. The result of this combination, is muriatic acid only. Phosphorus, and other inflammable substances burned in this gas, yield results very different from combinations with oxygen. When the alkalies are heated in this gas, they form what are called muriats. The oxygen of the alkalies is given out. According to Dr. Davy, muriat of soda or common salt, is a more simple substance than what is called pure soda; for the muriat of soda is the metal of soda united with what is improperly called oxy-muriatic gas, but soda contains the metal united with oxygen and water. If this opinion were true, the class of muriats would be excluded from chemical compounds, but we confess we cannot see any reason why muriatic acid, what ever be its constituent parts, should not be as capable of uniting with the alother acids. Many eminent ches kalies to form a salt, as nitric and mists are still unwilling to adinit Dr. muriatic acid, or what he now calls Davy's conclusions respecting oxychlorine, from its yellow colour : and the question respecting its constituent parts may still be considered as sub-judice. as sub-judice. Dr. Davy has discovered a new gas, which is formed by the union of oxymuriatic or chlorine gas with oxygen, their af

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finity for each other is weak. When a stream of nitrous gas is passed into this compound gas, it unites with the oxygen and forms nitrous acid, leaving the chlorine gas unaltered in its properties.

The effect of oxymuriatic acid in bleaching he explained by the affinity of this gas for the hydrogen of water, forming with it muriatic acid, which acted on the vegetable fibre; the oxygen of the water acting at the same time on the colouring mat ter. The corrosive effects of muriatic acid during this process are lessened if the oxymuriat of lime be used. The oxymuriat of potash is the least prejudicial, but its price will prevent its application to the purpose of bleaching. Dr. Davy stated, he had found that the oxymuriat of magnesia may be used with great advantage; though its bleaching property is not so rapid in its operatioin, it is much less injurious

than oxymuriat of lime which is commonly used. The oxyinuriat of magnesia will serve repeatedly for the same purpose. If heat be applied to it after it has been used, the hydrogen is expelled, and it is restored to its former state.

[London Monthly Magazine.]

Remarks on the subject of bleaching would be very acceptable from our chemical readers. In this country, notwithstanding the expense is greater, muriat of potass is much used instead of this muriat of lime, on account of its greater safety, in case sufficient washing is not afterwards applied. In this point, there is always a considerable risque, as perhaps in none of the processes of bleaching are we more deficient, than in washing. To a neglect in this respect we are inclined to attribute most of the damages aris.ng in bleaching in this country.

LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

BIOGRAPHY.

Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Correspondence of the late Mr. Wm. Smel lie, printer; Secretary and Superintendant of Natural History to the Society of Scottish Antiquaries, F.R.S.; by Robert Kerr Porter, F.R.S. £1. 7s.

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1 vol. royal 4to £6. 6s.-in demy 4to. £3. 13s. 6d.; embellished with a map, and 32 engravings.

MISCELLANIES.

The World in Miniature; by Nicholas Hamel, rector of the town of L'Aigle, 4s. 6d.

A Report upon the Herculaneum Manuscripts; by John Hayter, M. A. £1. 8s. bds. with engravings.

The British Review, and London Critical Journal, No. 2.

Walsh's American Review of History and Politics, and General Repository of Literature, No. 2. price 6s.

The Reflector, No. 2. 6s.

The Old Soldier; published by the Christian Tract Society, price 6d.

The Adventures of a Seven Shilling Piece; by Mrs. A. Hamilton; in 2 vols. 12mo. 10s. 6d.

The Whole Art of Book-Binding, with

other Useful information, 73. 6d. extra bds.

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Every Man his own Cattle Doctor; an improved edition, 10s. 6d, bds.

The People;" by an unlettered Man; dedicated to Sir Francis Burdett, Bart. 6s.

The Elements of Linear Perspective; designed for the Use of Students in the University; by D. Creswell, M.A. Cs. with plates.

The Cabinet of Entertainment; a new Collection of Enigmas, Charades, Rebuses, &c. with solutions, 5s.

Evening Entertainments; or Delineations of the Manners and Customs of yarious Nations; by J. B. Depping, 2 vols.

12s.

A Father's Tales to his Daughter, 8s, The Insurance Guide; containing a Series of Calculations, shewing the rate per cent. to divide an average loss; the amount on which insurance should be effected, to cover the interest Prequium, &c. £1. 11s. 6d. half bound.

Secret History of the Court of James I. in 2 vols. demy 8vo. £1, 4s. bds. embellished with engravings.

NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

Mortimer Hall, or the Labourer's Hire; by Mrs. Bridget Bluemantle, in 4 vols. 21s. bds.

Farmer of Inglewood Forest; by Mrs. Helme, in 4 vols. 20s, bds.

5s.

Seabrook Village, and its Inhabitants,

POETRY.

The Vision of Don Roderick; by Walter Scott, esq. demy copies 15s. bds.-Royal, £1. 10s.

Christina, the Maid of the South-Seas; by Mary Russell Mitford, 10s. 6d.

De Salkeld, Knight of the White Rose; a Tale of the Middle Ages; including the fall of the last Plantagenet King; by the Rev. George Warrington, 1 vol. 4to. £1. 11s. 6d.

The Age; or the Consolations of Phi losophy; dedicated to Sir Francis Burdett, part the 1st by Tristram Simple, 3s.

PRINTS.

Whole length Prints of Sir Francis Burdett, Bart, and John Horne Tooke, painted by J. R. Smith, and engraved by W. Ward, 3 Guineas-subsequent impressions, one Guinea,

REFORM.

The Comparison; in which Mock-reform, Half-reform, and Constitutional-re-,

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Devotional and Doctrinal Extracts from the Epistles of the yearly meeting in London of the. People called Quakers; from the year 1678 to 1810, 8vq.

BOOKS PUBLISHED IN IRELAND. A Treatise on the Government of the Church, in which the Divine Right of Episcopacy is maintained, and the Doctrine of the Supremacy of the Bishop of Rome proved to be contrary to the Scriptures and Fathers of the first three centuriesin which also several 'important points are explained and illustrated, viz.-the Unity of the Catholic Church-Sin of SchismNature and Vindication of the Establishment and Liturgy of the Church of England and Ireland. &e.-with occasional remarks on several Popish books lately published, 3s. 4d.

Border Feuds, or the Lady of Buccleugh; corrected from the Prompter's book, Theatre Royal, 2s. 6d.

containing all the alterations in the cusHautenville's digest of the Irish customs, toms and excise duty made in this present session of parliament, &c. 16s. 3d.

Popular Essays on Right and Wrong; an attempt at a rational series of inquiry into the circumstances of our present existence, in order to establish the object and end of our creation, 6s. 6d. bds.

Poems, by the late Edward Lysaght, esq. barrister at law, with a portrait, 78. 6d. bds.

Middleton's Tables of Interest, at 6 per cent, shewing at one view the interest of any sum from £1. to £10,000, from 1 day to 100 days, &c. 8s, sd. half bound,

494

MONTHLY RETROSPECT OF POLITICS.

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mier, like the premier of Egypt, first peculates a hoard of privilege from the common stock, and then would, from this granary, dole out his graces and free gifts to the People.

In truth the misapplication of terms has had at least as ill consequences in morality as in philosophy. Men are often the very slaves of two dr three sounding syllables Mr. Petceval most kindly intimates, in the course of this last debate upon the Catholic question, that he puts not forth half his strength, that he has a host of bigotry in reserve (he would call it British spirit) which, when he chooses, he can call forth, but thinks it unnecessary, in the certain victory of the day.

Ah! we do not doubt it. We do not, in the smallest degree, doubt, that with the help of two magical words placed in proper order, and repeated with proper emphasis, with the two words. Church and King," he could raise a social war in these coun tries.

Thus the Catholics have been once more repelled from the gates of the constitution, and are obJiged to take up their residence in that sort of tumble-down half-way house, between rank persecution, and common right, which goes by the name of toleration. There is a certain, happy knack of fashionable phraseology, which covers sharp and severe usage in a soft sheath, and which sometimes imposes upon both parties, the party that uses, and the party that is abused. Thus, for example, a man who has perhaps committed the most shameful peculation in office, or who has cheated the public of thousands, is said, in polite company, to have behaved incorrectly, as if he had been merely a sorry arithmetician, and made an ac cidental mistake in giving the sum total of an account. Often have we heard it said, "I am sorry for the poor fellow, very sorry indeed, but he has certainly been very in correct." Thus too, in our political nomenclature, the nature of things is perverted. When Percival talks of toleration, what is it but the Leopard, or rather the Cat Persecution, which sheathes its claws; and makes all the time a hypocritical purring about love and conciliation. Thus subjection, is called subordination, and domination, is called ascendancy, and a claim of common right is called an unreasonable assumption of political power. The Birth-right_tiation, withheld, is changed into a Bonus at Little of novelty could be expectthe will of the granter, and the pre- ed in this debate. What we liked as

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Rhoderic Dhu could not do greater wonders with his whistle. The Literati, and the Laity, and the heads and tails of Colleges, and the proctors and doctors would start up in holy insurrection. The pulpits, as once they were instructed to do, would again prolong and magnify the pious clamour. The press would pour forth a swarm of pamphle teers, and grasshopper pocts would chirp through all the under wood of Parnassus. Each time, as it were, teems with its appropriate insanity. Old women are. no longer burned for witches, but a whole people is distrusted, and partially incapacitated for their belief in transubstan

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