A Treatise on Physical Geography: Comprising Hydrology, Geognosy, Geology, Meteorology, Botany, Zoology, and Anthropology

Front Cover
Mark H. Newman & Company, 1850 - 420 pages
 

Contents

Mica
9
Inland Seas
10
PART IL
11
PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE WATERS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 1 Qualities of Seawater in general
12
Bitumen
13
Coal
14
Color of the Ocean
15
Metals
16
Light or Phosphorescence of the Ocean
17
Temperature of the Ocean
18
Depth of the Ocean
19
Inequalities of Submarine Land
20
Level of the Seas
21
Marine Ice
22
Icebergs and their Effects on Navigation
24
Motions of the Ocean
25
Waves
26
Granite and Syenite
27
General Nature of Tides
28
Peculiarities of Tides
29
Trapp Rocks
30
Marine Currents
33
Polar Currents
34
Double and Opposite Currents
35
Eddies or Whirlpools
36
Currents of the Pacific
37
Currents of the Indian Ocean
38
Currents of the Atlantic
40
Composition and Properties of Pure Water
42
Springs
43
Periodical or Intermitting Springs
45
Hot Springs
46
Mineral Springs
49
Origin of Springs
50
Glaciers
51
Origin and Course of Rivers
53
Cataracts and Cascades
56
Periodic Increase of Rivers
60
Mouths of Rivers
61
Inundations
62
Dimensions of Rivers
63
Lakes
65
Periodical Lakes
67
Lakes which rise and boil
68
Floating Islands
69
Temperature Depth and Quality of the Waters of Lakes
70
Disappearance and Formation of Lakes
72
Destroying Effects of Water
76
Forming Effects of Water
79
Volcanic Productions
81
Stratified Rocks
82
DIVISION SECOND GEOGNOSY OR DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERAL STRUCTURE CONFIGURATION AND NATURAL DIVISIONS OF TH...
83
Coasts and Caves
85
Tablelands or Plateaus
87
Aspects of Mountains and Peaks
88
Mountain Chains
89
Declivities of Mountains
90
Uses of Mountains
91
Plains
92
Deserts
93
Productive Treeless Plains
94
Passes and Defiles
95
General Arrangement of the Great Mountain Chains and Aspect of the Continents
96
Table of the Heights of the Principal Mountains in the World
98
130
101
DIVISION THIRD GEOLOGY OR DESCRIPTION OF THE SOLID MASSES COMPOS ING THE EARTH PART I
102
Early Condition of the Earth and Origin of Unstratified Rocks
103
Origin of the Stratified Rocks and of the various Species of Plants and Animals
104
Earliest Condition of Organic Life
106
Origin of Soil Springs and Salt Mines
107
Condition of the Globe during the Formation of the Secondary and Tertiary Rocks
108
Relation of the Earth and its Inhabitants to Man
109
Volcanoes
110
PART II
111
Various Structures of Mountains and Rocks
112
Classification of the Unstratified Rocks
114
Various Positions of Rocks
115
Caverns
116
Veins
117
Thickness of Strata
118
Pebbles
120
Drift Formation
121
PART III
122
Changes produced by Vegetation
123
Origin of Subterranean Forests
125
Landslips
126
Drying up of Lakes
127
140
140
149
149
152
152
153
153
PALAEONTOLOGY OR DESCRIPTION OF ORGANIC REMAINS 1 Classification of Fossil Remains
159
Vegetable Remains
160
Fossil Shells
161
Fossil Fish
163
Fossil Reptiles Insects and Birds
164
Fossil Mammals
166
DIVISION FOURTH METEOROLOGY OR DESCRIPTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE PHENOMENA DEPENDENT ON HEAT LIGHT A...
170
Composition of the Air
171
Effects of Respiration and Combustion on Air
173
Elasticity and Height of the Air
174
Temperature of the Air
175
Aqueous Meteors
177
Magnetic Phenomena
191
PART II
193
Constant or Trade Winds
194
Variable Winds
197
Hurricanes
198
Waterspouts
201
Utility and Pleasure derived from Winds
203
PART II
204
Influence of the Internal Heat of the Globe
205
Influence of Elevation
206
Influence of Mountains
207
Influence of Valleys
208
Influence of Soils
209
Influence of the Labors of Man
210
Influence of Winds
211
Classification of Climates
213
Climates of the Torrid Zone
214
Climates of the Temperate Zones
215
Climates of the Frigid Zones
216
General Temperature of the Globe Unchangeable
217
Climate Lines
218
PART IV
220
Geographical Distribution of Volcanoes
223
Volcanoes of the Atlantic Ocean
224
Origin of Volcanoes
225
Earthquakes
226
Presages and Direction of Earthquakes
227
Generality and Results of Earthquakes
228
Muddy Eruptions
229
DIVISION FIFTH BOTANY 1 Preliminary Remarks
231
Influence of Temperature on Plants
232
Influence of Light
235
Influence of Water
236
Influence of Soil
237
Atmospheric Influences
239
Stations and Habitations of Plants
241
Transmigrations and Classes of Plants
244
Botanical Regions
245
Flora of the Polar Regions
248
Flora of the Temperate Zones
249
Flora of the Torrid Zones
250
Table of the Vertical Range of Plants
253
DIVISION SIXTH ZOOLOGY OR DESCRIPTION OF THE PECULIARITIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS 1 Preliminary Remarks
254
Porifera or Sponges
258
Polypifera
260
Infusoria
263
Medusae and Actinia
264
Echinodermata
265
Mollusks
266
Cephalopods
268
Gasteropods Formation of Shells
269
Articulates Worms
270
Insects
271
Crustaceans
272
Vertebrates Fishes
273
Reptiles
275
Birds
277
Mammals
280
Domesticated Mammals
283
North American Mammals
285
South American Mammals
286
European Mammals
287
Mammals of Asia and Oceanica
288
Mammals of Africa
289
Marine Mammals
291
DIVISION SEVENTH ANTHROPOLOGY OR ACCOUNT OF HUMAN RELATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS PART I
294
Varieties of Mankind
295
Ethnographic Table 302
302
Causes of the Variations in the Human Race
304
Longevity of Man 810
310
Language
312
IndoAtlantic and Detached Languages
313
Aramaic or SyroArabic Languages
318
Monosyllabic and Tartar Languages
319
Oceanic and African Languages
320
American Languages
321
Social Condition of Nations
322
Influence of Country upon the Character of Nations
325
Course of Civilization throughout the World 830
330
RELIGIONS PAGE 1 General Survey
336
Protestant Christians
337
Greek and Roman Catholics
339
Missions
341
Polytheism
343
PART III
347
Origin of the Various Classes of Society
350
Description of the Various Classes
351
Castes and Orders
352
Density of Population
353
Origin of Standing Forces
355
Militias
360
Balance of Power
362
PART IV
369
Origin of Commerce and Mercantile Classes
375
Home Trade
378
Commerce or Foreign Trade
382
Taxation
387
Banks and Banking
391
Specie Currency
397
Standard of Coins
398
Colonies and Colonial Policy
399
166
412

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Page 257 - ... displayed in the wide expanse of the ocean, through which are scattered such various and such unknown multitudes of animals! Of Fishes alone the varieties, as to conformation and endowments, are endless. Still more curious and anomalous, both in their external form, and their internal economy, are the numerous orders of living beings that occupy the lower divisions of the animal scale ; some swimming in countless myriads near the surface ; some dwelling in the inaccessible depths of the ocean...
Page 370 - The proper business of the wholesale merchant consists in carrying the various products of the different countries of the world from the places where their value is least to those where it is greatest, or, which is the same thing, in distributing them according to the effective demand. It is clear, however, that there could be no motive to export any species of produce, unless that which it was intended to import in its stead were of greater value. When an English merchant commissions a quantity...
Page 385 - The spirit of the age affects all the arts; and the minds of men, being once Political Discourses 59 rous'd from their lethargy, and put into a fermentation, turn themselves on all sides, and carry improvements into every art and science.
Page 259 - ... skeleton, giving form and protection to the entire fabric. The material of which the fleshy portion is composed is of so tender and gelatinous a nature that the slightest pressure is sufficient to tear it asunder, and allow the fluid parts to escape ; and the whole soon melts away into a thin oily liquid. When examined with the microscope, the soft flesh is seen to contain a great number of minute grains, disseminated through a transparent jelly. Every part of the surface of a living sponge (as...
Page 204 - The causes of physical climate are nine in number: 1st, The action of the sun upon the atmosphere. 2d, The interior temperature of the globe. 3d, The elevation of the earth above the level of the ocean. 4th, The general inclination of the surface, and its local exposure. 5th, The position of its mountains relatively to the cardinal points.
Page 372 - The value of the cargo of a vessel carrying 5,000 barrels of flour would, therefore, be estimated at the period of its exportation at 47,500 dollars; but as this flour would sell, when carried to Spain, for 75,000 dollars, the American merchant would be entitled to draw on his...
Page 374 - ... be for or against a country, that balance will neither be paid nor received in bullion, unless it be at the time the commodity by the exportation or importation of which the account may be most profitably settled. Whatever the partisans of the doctrine as to the balance may say about money being a preferable product...
Page 88 - The conformation of the country has most important moral and physical results; for while it gives to the table-land, on which the population is chiefly concentrated, a mild, temperate, and healthy climate, unknown in the burning and deadly tracts of low country into which a day's journey may carry the traveller, it also shuts out the former from an easy communication with the sea, and thus deprives it of a ready access to a market for its agricultural productions.
Page 181 - The appearance, increase and disappearance of the cumulus, in fine weather, are often periodical, and correspondent to the degree of heat. Generally, it forms a few hours after sunrise, attains its highest degree in the hottest hours of the afternoon, and decreases and vanishes at sun-set. Great masses of cumulus, during high winds, in the quarter of the heavens towards which the wind blows, indicate approaching calm and rain. If the cumulus does not disappear, but rises, a thunderstorm is to be...
Page 400 - PEOPLE; the egress of a body of people to a new and permanent abode. Among the moderns, the predominant idea appears to be that of the TERRITORY, the possession of an outlying territory; and, in a loose way of speaking, almost any outlying possession, if the idea of permanency is united, would receive the name of a colony. If we use the term with so much latitude as to embrace the predominating idea, both of ancients and moderns, we shall say that a colony means an outlying part of the population...

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