Elements of chemistry: theoretical and practical, Part 1

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Contents

Law of Definite Proportions ib 10 Law of Multiple Proportions
16
Law of Equivalent Proportions
18
Equivalent Numbers
19
12a Hypothesis of Atomic Constitution of Matter
21
Symbolic Notation
23
PAGE
25
Law of Volumes
26
Application of the Law of Equivalent Proportions
30
Equivalency of the Elements
32
CHAPTER II
34
English System of Weights and Measures
35
The Balance
37
Specific Gravity
38
Specific Gravity of Liquids
39
Specific Gravity of Solids
40
The Hydrometer
42
Correction for Weighings taken in Air
43
The Condensing Syringe
50
Downward Pressure of the Atmosphere
56
Diffusion of LiquidsMode of measuring
58
Laws of the Diffusion of Liquids
59
Endosmosis and Exosmosis
60
The OsmometerConditions of Osmose
61
DialysisCrystalloidsColloids
62
Measurement of Cohesion
63
Adhesion of Gases to LiquidsSolubility of Gases
64
TABLE OF CONTENTS
65
Mechanism of Undulation
93
Transparency and Opacity
94
Law of the Diminution of Light by Distance
95
Rumfords Photometer
96
Adhesion of Gases to Solids
97
Reflection from Curved Surfaces
98
Desiccation of Gases
99
Diffusion of Gases
100
Effusion of Gases 69 Transpiration of Gases
105
Passage of Gases through Diaphragms
108
70a Passage of Gases through Metallic Septa
111
Separation of Bodies by Cold or Heat
115
Crystallization
116
Modes of obtaining Crystals
117
Separation of Salts by the process of Crystallization 74 Sudden CrystallizationNuclei
119
Circumstances which modify Crystalline Form
120
Change of Bulk in the act of Solidification 77 Development of Crystalline Form in Solids 78 Structure of CrystalsCleavage
123
Goniometers
125
The Reflecting Goniometer
126
Symmetry of Crystalline Form 82 Classification of Crystals
127
6367
133
Isomorphism
135
Chemical bearings of Isomorphism
137
Isomorphous Groups
138
Dimorphism
139
Allotropy
142
PARAGRAPH
143
PARAGRAPH
144
PAGE
151
153
153
IOI Refraction at Inclined Surfaces
160
Total Reflection
161
Theory of ColoursAbsorption
164
105a Dispersive Power
166
Sensitiveness to Heat
167
Fixed Lines in the SpectrumFraunhofers LinesBright Lines
168
Spectrum AnalysisSpectroscope 108 Projection of Spectral Lines on Screen 109 Kirchhoffs Theory of Fraunhofers Lines 164 166 167 ib 168
175
Influence of Pressure on the Boiling Point
182
Measurement of Heights by the Boiling Point
183
PAGE
184
Production of Cold during Evaporation
185
Measurement of the Latent Heat of Vapours
186
Complex Nature of Radiant Force
187
DistillationCoffeys Still
188
Evaporation
189
Phosphorogenic RaysPhosphoroscope
191
Circumstances which influence the Rate of Evaporation
192
Dew Point
193
Daniells Hygrometer
194
Wet Bulb Hygrometer
195
Velocity of LightIts Measurement 114 Frequency of Undulation in Different Colours 115 Interference
196
Pressure exerted by Condensed Gases
197
Spheroidal State produced by Heat
198
Colours of thin Plates
199
Double RefractionPolarization 201214
201
127a Supposed Influence of Light on Crystallization
214
Preparation of Magnets
217
Influence of Molecular Actions on Magnetism
218
80
219
The
220
Declination or Variation
221
Variation in the Intensity of the Earths Magnetism II Static Electricity
222
Use of Albuminized Plates in Photography
223
Two Kinds of Electricity
224
Insulators and Conductors
225
ElectroscopesCoulombsPeltiers Electrometer
226
Electrical Hypotheses
227
Electrical Induction
228
Faradays Theory of Induction
229
Distribution of the Electric Charge
230
Electrical Machines
231
Further Illustrations of Induction
232
PAGE
233
Spread of Induction
234
The Leyden
235
Measures of Electricity
236
Specific Induction
237
Opposite Effects of the Red and Violet Ends of the Spectrum
238
Conduction
239
Development of Heat
240
Disruptive Discharge
241
Velocity of Discharge
242
Striking Distance
243
Convection
244
Other Sources of ElectricityHeatFracture
245
ExpansionMeasurement of Tempera
246
Direction of the CurrentElectroChemical Order of the Ele ments Protection of Ships Sheathing
261
Circuits with One Metal and Two Liquids
262
General Summary
263
Groves Gas Battery
264
Daniells Battery
265
Groves Nitric Acid BatteryBunsens Coke Battery
266
Smees Battery
267
Resistances to the Voltaic Current
268
Differences between a Simple and a Compound Circuit
269
Ohms Formulæ
270
Chemical Decomposition
271
On the Equilibrium of Temperature 272301
272
85
273
Ventilation
279
PAGE
283
Connexion between Absorption and Radiation
285
Diathermacy of Gases and Vapours
294
Specific HeatLatent Heat
301
86
303
AdhesionDiffusion of Liquids
305
Variation in amount of Specific Heat according to Physical State
307
Atomic Heats of Compounds
314
89
319
92
320
Disappearance of Heat during LiquefactionLatent Heat
321
Evolution of Heat during Solidification
327
PARAGRAPH
328
95
330
Adhesion
332
194
335
100
336
Cements
342
461
350
APPENDIX
353
Capillary Action
359
Chemical Combination
366
The Quantity of Heat developed in Chemical Action is definite
372
Early Experiments 374 201 Researches of Andrews
374
Researches of Favre and Silbermann
377
Combustion of Compounds
381
Indirect Methods of Estimating Calorific Equivalents
383
Mercurial Calorimeter
385
Heat Evolved during Metallic Precipitation
386
Calorific Equivalents of Elements 211 Heat Evolved during the Action of Acids on Bases 212 Heat Absorbed during Solution of Salts
392
Variation in degree of Capillary Action of Liquids
393
CHAPTER VI
394
Leading Characters of Magnetic Action 216 Magnetic Induction
396
PAGR
398
405450 405
405
432
432
444
444
Galvanis Discovery
450
The Galvanometer
454
I
473
Wheatstones Rheostat and Resistance Coils Standard
491
Influence of Solids in Solution upon the Boiling Point
494
Processes of Voltaic Discharge
497
ConductionConducting Power of Solids
499
383
502
Capillary Depression of Mercury
503
Heating Effects in Wires 278 Conduction by Liquids 279 Conducting Power of Gases
508
Electric Light
509
Chemical Actions 282 Laws of Electrolysis
516
Relative Decomposability of Electrolytes
519
Electrochemical Actions
520
Electrolysis of Salts
521
Bearing of Electrolysis on the Theory of Salts
523
Unequal Transfer of Ions during Electrolysis
528
Electrovection or Electrical Endosmose
530
Secondary results of Electrolysis
533
Nascent State of Bodies
536
Theory of the Electrical Origin of Chemical Attraction
538
Electrotype or Voltatype Processes
541
Preparation of Moulds for Electrotyping
543
Electrozincing
544
Electroplating
545
Electrogilding
547
Resemblances between Static and Voltaic Electricity 298 Delucs Dry PileZambonis Pile 299 Water Battery
551
Law of ElectroMagnetic Action 301 Tangent Galvanometer
553
Influence of a Conducting Wire in Exciting Magnetism 303 Formation of ElectroMagnets
555
Molecular Movements during the Magnetization of Bars 305 Laws of ElectroMagnetism
557
Ampères Theory of ElectroMagnetism
559
Mutual Influence of Wires which are conveying Currents
560
ElectroMagnetic Rotations
562
Electric Telegraph
565
MagnetoElectricity 310 VoltaElectric Induction
572
MagnetoElectric Induction
574
Inductive Action of Currents Henrys Coils
582
385
586
MagnetoElectric Machines ib 559 560
588
Solution
598
315a Absolute Measures of ElectroMagnetic Quantities VI ThermoElectricity 316 Summary of Facts in ThermoElectricity 317 ThermoMultiplier
600
Electrical Phenomena exhibited by the Torpedo 320 Electrical Phenomena of the Gymnotus 321 The Muscular Current in Living Animals
601
Diamagnetism 322 Magnetic Polarization of Light
602
Magnetism of Bodies in general
605
Diamagnetism
606
Diamagnetism of Gases
607
Tables for Baumés Hydrometers
621
115
625
116144
626
127
627
602
628
504
631
Adhesion between Liquids
632
611
633
506
634
454
635
390
636
Theory of UndulationReflectionRefraction Prismatic Analysis 90 Theories of LightUndulations 91 Illustration of Undulations from Sound 92 Varieti...
637
395405
638
149
639
the Crown of Cups
643

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