James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy

accuracy apparatus atmospheres of electricity atoms battery bodies caloric theory Carnot function Carnot's theory chemical chemical affinity Clausius combustion compression concept of energy concept of heat conclusion conduction considered convertibility current electricity Dalton Davy determined developed dynamical theory electric current electrolysis electromagnets equivalent of heat exact falling force Faraday Faraday's friction galvanometer gases grand agents heat and mechanical heat evolved heat produced Helmholtz hypothesis Ibid interest James Prescott Joule Joule's experimental Joule's experiments Joule's paper magnetism Manchester mathematical Mayer's paper mechanical effect mechanical equivalent mechanical force mechanical power Michael Faraday nature paddle wheel particles phenomena Philosophical Magazine physical power of heat principle proportional quantity of heat radiant heat Rankine Rankine's Regnault researches resistance Royal Society Rudolf Clausius Rumford Scientific Papers specific heat steam engine substance temperature theoretical theory of heat tion translation tricity velocity vis viva viva voltaic weight William Sturgeon William Thomson