We cannot read it, for our own part, without a lively reminiscence of similar terror, long past, but not yet forgotten. The Italian sheep-dogs are little less fierce than their Lycian brethren.

"Hereabout, we had a sanguinary encounter with the ferocious dogs of the Urooks, which mustering to the number of a dozen, charged us and our cavalcade, and, breaking our ranks, caused our terrified baggage horses to flee in all directions, whilst their Greek owners, in despair, loudly invoked St. Nicolo and the Blessed Virgin for assistance. The masters of the dogs not being at hand to call them off, the affair soon became serious, as the savage brutes began to seize our steeds by the legs and tails, inflicting severe wounds, and occasionally making flying leaps, with the intention of gobbling us up too; nor was it till a bullet was sent through the head of the ringleader, that we succeeded in dispersing them, and rallying our routed cavalry. Half an hour after, the same scene was enacted anew by another batch of canines; and our fire-arms had again to be put into requisition, in this case not without sundry threats from the owners of the dogs, who had refused at first to call them off. As these animals are valuable to their masters, we avoided as much as possible injuring them; and only on this occasion were we obliged to slay in self-defence, though it often required the greatest forbearance and courage to endure their attacks, which, from the size and ferocity of the assailants, are dangerous encounters. Almost always, however, the peasants did their best to prevent mischief, as soon as they knew from the rush and bark of the dogs that strangers were near."-vol. ii. pp. 123-5.

Rich as Lycia is in classical recollections and remains, it is not without its Christian associations also. The visit of St. Paul to Myra, even more than its own political importance, led to the high ecclesiastical rank which the bishop held; and the metropolitan of Myra with his thirtyseven suffragans, occupied an important place in all the religious controversies anterior to the Saracen occupation of the country. It is gratifying to meet among the relics of the Greek mythology, and of its still more ancient predecessor, traces of the foot-prints of that holier faith which, alas, has now become but historical in these once happy lands.

"Attracted by some ruins visible from the summit, we descended. These we found were also of two ages, viz., rock-tombs and marble fragments, indicative of the Greek, but more numerous and scattered remains of middle-age date, consisting of foundations of walls, and a large Christian cathedral of early Byzantine archi

tecture, one of the most interesting and picturesque, as well as best preserved ruins in Lycia. This very beautiful building had escaped Sir C. Fellows, who passed within two or three hundred yards of it. It is a noble fabric, and one which excited on examination a deep interest. It is but little incommoded by rubbish and bushes, so that we were enabled to place ourselves at once without difficulty under the lofty dome in the centre or body of the church, and survey its interior, where the noisy chat of a disturbed jackdaw, as it took wing through a large aperture in the vaulted roof, was the only sound to break the solemn stillness then reigning within this impressive ruin. Its eastern end is terminated by a semicircle interrupted by long windows, the tall stone and brick pillars between them standing disconnected, their arches above having broken down. The greater part of this cathedral, however, still remains perfect; and it was pleasing to see the tenacity with which stone, brick, and mortar, had so long held together against the ravages of time, and through which, in all probability, will be preserved yet many ages this venerable relic of early days, when Christianity flourished in the country. For an idea of the building the reader is referred to the view and hasty sketch of its groundplan. We had entered Lycia with a thirst for relics of the earlier days of its history. Lycian tombs, Lycian monuments, and Lycian cities, were the principal objects of our search; but here that interest was unexpectedly arrested, and the solemn grandeur of the old and solitary Christian church, towering above Pagan temple, and Moslem mosque, excited a warmer and healthier admiration, though its age were comparatively modern, and its architecture barbarous."-vol. ii. pp. 105-107.

These are not the only Christian remains which came under the travellers' notice. At another place, near Eski Hissar, they found a cell in the face of a cliff near the summit of a mountain, the walls of which were painted with figures of the Saints, still in good preservation-" the retreat of some early Christian anchorite, whence, whilst himself secluded among savage and almost inaccessible rocks, he overlooked the busy villages and fertile valleys. which lay spread out below his airy habitation. But it is now more than time to have done. And yet we have still left almost untouched the second volume, which itself might well deserve a special notice. It contains the results of the researches of Professor Forbes, in the natural history of the province. The botany and geology are extremely interesting; but we must pass them by. In justice, however, to the great merits of the gentleman to whom this department was specially entrusted, we

cannot avoid transcribing one or two passages descriptive of the "odd fish odd fish" of the Egean

"Of his genus oλUTOUS, which is equivalent to the genus Octopus and its subdivision Eledone in modern systems, Aristotle distinguishes six species, four of them unprovided with shells, and two living in shells. He remarks that the polypi are the only cuttlefish formed for walking, which in consequence of the relative proportions of their body and arms they can easily do. Any person who ever dredged one of these creatures, knows the rapidity with which it can make its way by means of its long arms, even when out of its native element. Aristotle states it comes out of the water and walks in stony places. In the sudden falls, lasting not very long, of the sea level, which occur from various causes in the bays of the countries in and round the Ægean, these creatures may be met with walking on the exposed shore, and so have led to this notion; but it is doubtful whether they ever wander of their own choice above the usual water-mark. Ælian, however, who seems to have decorated most of the observations he thought worthy of record, tells us that the Octopus sometimes ascends trees! Aristotle describes the polypus as tenacious of life, but killed if its neck be squeezed. (Book ix. c. 17.) This remark probably refers to the existence of a practice by which the Greek fishermen of our own times destroy the Octopus and other cuttle-fishes. They turn back the arms over the head, and seizing the latter with their teeth, compress it in the region of the brain. Thus the creature is instantaneously killed. The remarkable changes of colour presented by the polypus were noticed by the ancients, and the truth of the statement of Aristotle, that such change is suddenly produced by fear, may be easily verified by observing one of these creatures when suddenly taken out of the water."-vol. ii. pp. 97, 98.

It is interesting to find these confirmations of the general accuracy of the great olden naturalist, whom it has been too much the fashion to decry as a hasty observer and a credulous retailer of the supposed observations of others. Mr. Forbes has in many cases vindicated his

accuracy.

One extract more and we take our leave

It is

"The Argonaut, which is one of the two kinds of μalaxia with shells, is either very rare or does not range to that coast. well known, however, in the bays of the mainland of Greece. In describing it Aristotle for once appears to have given way to popu lar report, and not made use of his own observations. His second kind of polypus inhabiting a shell, otov Koxias,' and attached to it like the animal of an ordinary univalve, has been regarded as the Nautilus Pompilius. But that remarkable mollusk does not live in

6

the Mediterranean, and considering the extreme rarity of the opportunities, even now, of observing it alive in its native sea-the Indian Ocean-we can scarcely suppose that it could have come under Aristotle's notice. The animal to which he alludes was far more probably the Carinaria mediterranea, a pteropodous mollusk, having a shell closely resembling that of an Argonaut. It lives in the Ægean, and, as it is a swimmer, might easily be confounded generically with the latter. It belongs to the same order with the Firola or Pterotrachea, a curious creature, two or three inches long or more, resembling the fish called Hippocampus, or sea horse, in shape, but of soft translucent jelly-like substance. Yet though so tender and fragile, these mollusks are among the most ferocious of marine animals. When cruizing off the Lycian coast during the warm weather at the close of autumn we used to collect them in a tow-net, and then, placing them in glass jars full of sea-water, watch their habits. Delicate and beautiful as they seemed, the chief object of each seemed to be the destruction of his companions. The only hard parts in their bodies are a pair of horny jaws. With these, a Firola would seize some individual of the same species, not so strong as itself, and mercilessly tear its writhing prey, and devour it. It is a popular notion that no animals become cannibals from choice except man. The believers in that vain fancy never saw Firole in their native element.

"In sunny and calm spring weather the Lycian sea, at some distance from shore, seems as if filled with glancing needles of glass. A similar appearance may be observed in fine days in winter, but is due to a different cause. In the former case the appearance is produced by the presence of numerous mollusks of the order Pteropoda, and belonging to the genus Criseis, creatures bearing slender, transparent, pointed needle-shaped shells. From the wider ends of these they spread out their organs of motion, resembling the wings of butterflies, by means of which they dance up and down and move in all directions in the water, even as insects do in the air. The glassy needles of the winter sea are long threads of silicious substance formed of animalculæ jointed end to end. When kept some time the joints separate and move about independently."-vol. ii. pp. 100-102.

From the length and copiousness of these extracts, it will easily be inferred that we attach great value to the work of Messrs. Spratt and Forbes. At a time when monumental records form so important an item in the materials of historical study, every new contribution to the existing stock becomes doubly valuable by the additional light which it throws upon those materials which we already possess. The gentlemen, whose work we have been considering, have cleared up many points which Fellows

and Beaufort had left obscure; they have started new views, of which their predecessors never dreamed, and which it is reserved for those who shall follow them, to investigate and pursue.

And so it is, not only with the details of every particular branch of ancient history, considered in itself, but also with the great questions of general history in their bearing upon one another. The history of the early Lycian races may, or may not, be valuable for its own sake; but in its relation to the primeval distribution of the great human family, and to so many of its early affiliations as have left their imprint upon history, whether traditional or monumental;-in its bearing on the various ethnological and ethnographical questions, which, even in a doctrinal point of view, have recently become so important, it would be a grievous mistake to regard it as merely a subject for curious research. Most probably, although it has often been attempted, it will never be given to man to realize the idea of a universal archæology-a full and comprehensive comparative investigation of the early monuments of every known race of the new world as well as of the old: but, even partially and imperfectly pursued, such an investigation will be a natural and necessary complement of the study of comparative philology, which during the last fifty years has been cultivated so successfully, and with so much benefit to religious truth, as well as to the general interests of science.

ART. IX.-The Men of Letters and Science, who flourished in the Times of George III. By HENRY LORD BROUGHAM, Member of the National Institute of France.-D'ALEMBERT.

ORD BROUGHAM introduces the present article with an emphatic eulogy on the study of the mathematics. A higher or more apposite theme of praise could hardly, indeed, be chosen, for they constitute not only an important branch of the great scientific circle, to every section of which, while quite independent, in their own sphere, of all extraneous support, they are essential auxiliaries, and scarcely less are the arts tributary to their aid,