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SECTION IV.
-
Theory of Jupiter's Satellites - Effects of the Figure of Jupiter upon his
Satellites - Position of their Orbits - Singular Laws among the Motions
of the first Three Satellites - Eclipses of the Satellites -
Ethereal Medium Satellites of
--
Light Aberration
Uranus
SECTION V.
Velocity of
Saturn and
Page 27
Equation of Centre
Lunar Theory - Periodic Perturbations of the Moon
Evection Variation
Annual Equation - Direct and Indirect
Action of Planets -The Moon's Action on the Earth disturbs her own
Motion - Excentricity and Inclination of Lunar Orbit invariable
Acceleration Secular Variation in Nodes and Perigee - Motion of
Nodes and Perigee inseparably connected with the Acceleration
Nutation of Lunar Orbit - -Form and Internal Structure of the Earth
determined from it Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Eclipses - Occulta-
tions and Lunar Distances Mean Distance of the Sun from the Earth
obtained from Lunar Theory - Absolute Distances of the Planets, how
found
34
SECTION VI.
Form of the Earth and Planets- Figure of a Homogeneous Spheroid in
Rotation - Figure of a Spheroid of variable Density — Figure of the
Earth, supposing it to be an Ellipsoid of Revolution Mensuration of a
Degree of the Meridian
Compression and Size of the Earth from
Degrees of Meridian Figure of Earth from the Pendulum ..
Parallax Lunar Parallax found from Direct Observation · Solar Parallax
deduced from the Transit of Venus- Distance of the Sun from the
Earth Annual Parallax Distance of the Fixed Stars
SECTION VIII.
52
Masses of Planets that have no Satellites determined from their Perturba-
tions Masses of the others obtained from the Motions of their Satel-
lites Masses of the Sun, the Earth, of Jupiter and of the Jovial
System- Mass of the Moon Real Diameters of Planets, how obtained
Size of Sun, Densities of the Heavenly Bodies Formation of Astro-
nomical Tables - Requisite Data and Means of obtaining them
Saturn's Rings - Periods of the Rota-
tion of the Moon and other Satellites equal to the Periods of their Revo-
lutions Form of Lunar Spheroid Libration, Aspect, and Constitution
65
SECTION X.
Rotation of the Earth invariable - Decrease in the Earth's mean Tempera-
ture- Earth originally in a state of Fusion -- Length of Day constant
- Decrease of Temperature ascribed by Sir John Herschel to the varia-
tion in the Excentricity of the Terrestrial Orbit - Difference in the
Temperature of the two Hemispheres erroneously ascribed to the Excess
in the Length of Spring and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere; attri-
buted by Sir Charles Lyell to the Operation of existing Causes - Three
principal Axes of Rotation- Position of the Axis of Rotation on the
Surface of the Earth invariable - Ocean not sufficient to restore the
Equilibrium of the Earth if deranged · Its Density and mean Depth
- Internal Structure of the Earth
Page 71
Mean and Apparent Sidereal Time -
Equation of Time -
Mean and Apparent Solar Time ·
English and French Subdivisions of Time-Leap
Equinoctial Time Remarkable Eras de-
Year Christian Era-
pending upon the Position of the Solar Perigee - Inequality of the
Lengths of the Seasons in the two Hemispheres Application of Astro-
nomy to Chronology - English and French Standards of Weights and
Measures..
83
SECTION XIII.
Tides - Forces that produce them— Origin and Course of Tidal Wave —
Its Speed-
Three kinds of Oscillations in the Ocean - The Semidiurnal
Tides Equinoctial Tides - Effects of the Declination of the Sun and
Moon Theory insufficient without Observation - Direction of the
Tidal Wave Height of Tides Mass of Moon obtained from her
Action on the Tides - Interference of Undulations - Impossibility of a
Universal Inundation - Currents
91
SECTION XIV.
Molecular Forces - Permanency of the ultimate Particles of Matter
Interstices - Mossotti's Theory Rankin's Theory of Molecular Vor-
tices - - Gases reduced to Liquids by Pressure Gravitation of Particles
- Cohesion-Crystallization Cleavage― Isomorphism — Minuteness
of the Particles-Height of Atmosphere Chemical Affinity- Definite
Proportions and Relative Weights of Atoms- Faraday's Discovery with
regard to Affinity - Capillary Attraction
102
SECTION XV.
Analysis of the Atmosphere - Its pressure-Law of Decrease in Density
Law of Decrease in Temperature - Measurement of Heights by the
Barometer Extent of the Atmosphere- Barometrical Variations
Oscillations - Trade-Winds
Winds Laws of Hurricanes
Cloud-Ring-
SECTION XVI.
Sound Propagation of Sound illustrated by a Field of Standing Corn
Nature of Waves - Propagation of Sound through the Atmosphere
Intensity-Noises A Musical Sound -Quality
Pitch Extent of
Human Hearing Velocity of Sound in Air, Water, and Solids -
Causes of the Obstruction of Sound-Law of its Intensity - Reflection
of Sound - Echoes Thunder Refraction of Sound - Interference
of Sounds
129
SECTION XVII.
Vibration of Musical Strings - Harmonic Sounds — Nodes
Air in Wind-Instruments - Vibration of Solids - Vibrating Plates
Bells-Harmony-Sounding Boards - Forced Vibrations
-Speaking Machines
Vibration of
Resonance
140
SECTION XVIII.
Refraction-Astronomical Refraction and its Laws - Formation of Tables
of Refraction-Terrestrial Refraction - Its Quantity - Instances of
Extraordinary Refraction-Reflection - Instances of Extraordinary Re-
flection - Loss of Light by the Absorbing Power of the Atmosphere
Apparent Magnitude of Sun and Moon in the Horizon
SECTION XIX.
Constitution of Light according to Sir Isaac Newton
- Colours of Bodies- Constitution of Light according to Sir David
Brewster New Colours-Fraunhofer's Dark Lines
Light-The Achromatic Telescope - Homogeneous Light-
and Complementary Colours M. Plateau's Experiments and Theory
of Accidental Colours
159
SECTION XX.
Interference of Light - Undulatory Theory of Light - Propagation of
Light-Newton's Rings - Measurement of the Length of the Waves of
Light, and of the Frequency of the Vibrations of Ether for each Colour
Newton's Scale of Colours - Diffraction of Light -- Sir John Her-
schel's Theory of the Absorption of Light - Refraction and Reflection of
Light
167
SECTION XXI.
Properties
Polarization of Light - Defined-Polarization by Refraction
of the Tourmaline-Double Refraction- All doubly Refracted Light is
Polarized - Properties of Iceland Spar - Tourmaline absorbs one of the
two Refracted Rays- Undulations of Natural Light-Undulations of
Polarized Light The Optic Axes of Crystals-M. Fresnel's Disco-
veries on the Rays passing along the Optic Axis
Reflection
Polarization by
Page 179
SECTION XXII.
Circular
Phenomena exhibited by the Passage of Polarized Light through Mica and
Sulphate of Lime -The Coloured Images produced by Polarized Light
passing through Crystals having one and two Optic Axes-
Polarization-Elliptical Polarization - Discoveries of MM. Biot, Fresnel,
and Professor Airy - Coloured Images produced by the Interference of
Polarized Rays - Fluorescence
186
SECTION XXIII.
Objections to the Undulatory Theory, from a difference in the Action of
Sound and Light under the same circumstances, removed
The Disper-
sion of Light according to the Undulatory Theory - Arago's final proof
that the Undulatory Theory is the Law of Nature
SECTION XXIV.
The Calotype-
199
Chemical or Photographic Rays of Solar Spectrum-Scheele, Ritter, and
Wollaston's Discoveries Wedgwood's and Sir Humphry Davy's Photo-
graphic Pictures
The Daguerreotype- The Chroma-
type- The Cyanotype- Collodion- Sir John Herschel's Discoveries in
the Chemical Spectrum - M. Becquerel's Discoveries of Inactive Lines
in ditto Thermic Spectrum Phosphoric Spectrum Electrical Pro-
perties Parathermic Rays- - Moser and Hunt's Experiments Gene-
ral Structure and antagonist Properties of Solar Spectrum Defracted
Spectrum
203
SECTION XXV.
Size and Constitution of the Sun - The Solar Spots - Intensity of the
Sun's Light and Heat-The Sun's Atmosphere His influence on the
Planets Atmospheres of the Planets - The Moon has none - Lunar
heat The Differential Telescope-Temperature of Space - Internal
Heat of the Earth Zone of constant Temperature Increase of Heat
with the Depth Central Heat - Volcanic Action - Quantity of Heat
received from the Sun - Isogeothermal Lines - Line of Perpetual Con-
gelation - Climate Isothermal Lines Same quantity of Heat an-
224
Barometer-Extent of the Atmosphere- Barometrical Variations
Oscillations Trade-Winds Cloud-Ring- Monsoons
Winds-Laws of Hurricanes
Rotation of
Page 117
Intensity-Noises A Musical Sound
Quality - Pitch -Extent of
Causes of the Obstruction of Sound - Law of its Intensity - Reflection
of Sound · Echoes · Thunder Refraction of Sound - Interference
Vibration of Musical Strings - Harmonic Sounds - Nodes - Vibration of
Air in Wind-Instruments -
- Vibration of Solids - Vibrating Plates
Forced Vibrations Resonance
Bells Harmony-Sounding Boards -
Speaking Machines
Refraction - Astronomical Refraction and its Laws - Formation of Tables
of Refraction Terrestrial Refraction Its Quantity -Instances of
Extraordinary Refraction- Reflection-Instances of Extraordinary Re-
flection Loss of Light by the Absorbing Power of the Atmosphere —
Constitution of Light according to Sir Isaac Newton -
153
Absorption of Light
Colours of Bodies- Constitution of Light according to Sir David
Brewster - New Colours - Fraunhofer's Dark Lines - Dispersion of
Light - The Achromatic Telescope-Homogeneous Light — Accidental
and Complementary Colours - M. Plateau's Experiments and Theory
Light Newton's Rings Measurement of the Length of the Waves of
Newton's Scale of Colours Diffraction of Light -- Sir John Her-