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SECTION IV.
Theory of Jupiter's Satellites — Effects of the Figure of Jupiter upon his
Satellites — Position of their Orbits — Singular Laws among the Motions
of the first Three Satellites — Eclipses of the Satellites - Velocity of
Light Aberration Ethereal Medium Satellites of Saturn and
Uranus
Page 27
SECTION V.
Lunar Theory — Periodic Perturbations of the Moon Equation of Centre
- Evection Variation Annual Equation Direct and Indirect
Action of Planets The Moon's Action on the Earth disturbs her own
Motion - Excentricity and Inclination of Lunar Orbit invariable -
Acceleration Secular Variation in Nodes and Perigee — Motion of
Nodes and Perigee* inseparably connected with the Acceleration -
Nutation of Lunar Orbit — Form and Internal Structure of the Earth
determined from it · Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Eclipses — Occulta-
tions and Lunar Distances Mean Distance of the Sun from the Earth
obtained from Lunar Theory - Absolute Distances of the Planets, how
found
34
SECTION VI.
Form of the Earth and Planets — Figure of a Homogeneous Spheroid in
Rotation — Figure of a Spheroid of variable Density Figure of the
Earth, supposing it to be an Ellipsoid of Revolution · Mensuration of a
Degree of the Meridian — Compression and Size of the Earth from
Degrees of Meridian – Figure of Earth from the Pendulum
44
SECTION VII.
Parallax · Lunar Parallax found from Direct Observation Solar Parallax
deduced from the Transit of Venus Distance of the Sun from the
Earth Annual Parallax - Distance of the Fixed Stars
52
SECTION VIII.
Masses of Planets that have no Satellites determined from their Perturba-
tions Masses of the others obtained from the Motions of their Satel-
lites Masses of the Sun, the Earth, of Jupiter and of the Jovial
System Mass of the Moon - Real Diameters of Planets, how obtained
- Size of Sun, Densities of the Heavenly Bodies — Formation of Astro-
nomical Tables — Requisite Data and Means of obtaining them 55
SECTION IX.
Rotation of the Sun and Planets Saturn's Rings — Periods of the Rota-
tion of the Moon and other Satellites equal to the Periods of their Revo-
lutions Form of Lunar Spheroid — Libration, Aspect, and Constitution
of the Moon Rotation of Jupiter's Satellites
65
-
SECTION X.
Rotation of the Earth invariable - Decrease in the Earth's mean Tempera-
ture — Earth originally in a state of Fusion -- Length of Day constant
Decrease of Temperature ascribed by Sir John Herschel to the varia-
tion in the Excentricity of the Terrestrial Orbit — Difference in the
Temperature of the two Hemispheres erroneously ascribed to the Excess
in the Length of Spring and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere; attri-
buted by Sir Charles Lyell to the Operation of existing Causes Three
principal Axes of Rotation Position of the Axis of Rotation on the
Surface of the Earth invariable - Ocean not sufficient to restore the
Equilibrium of the Earth if deranged Its Density and mean Depth
- Internal Structure of the Earth
Page 71
SECTION XI.
Precession and Nutation-
Fixed Stars
Their Effects on the Apparent Places of the
79
SECTION XII.
Mean and Apparent Sidereal Time — Mean and Apparent Solar Time -
Equation of Time - English and French Subdivisions of Time — Leap
Year - - Christian Era — Equinoctial Time — Remarkable Eras de-
pending upon the Position of the Solar Perigee Inequality of the
Lengths of the Seasons in the two Hemispheres — Application of Astro-
nomy to Chronology - English and French Standards of Weights and
Measures ..
83
SECTION XIII.
Tides — Forces that produce them Origin and Course of Tidal Wave-
Its Speed — Three kinds of Oscillations in the Ocean - The Semidiurnal
Tides - Equinoctial Tides — Effects of the Declination of the Sun and
Moon - Theory insufficient without Observation Direction of the
Tidal Wave — Height of Tides — Mass of Moon obtained from her
Action on the Tides — Interference of Undulations - Impossibility of a
Universal Inundation Currents
91
SECTION XIV.
Molecular Forces — Permanency of the ultimate Particles of Matter -
Interstices — Mossotti's Theory – Rankin's Theory of Molecular Vor-
tices — Gases reduced to Liquids by Pressure Gravitation of Particles
-Cohesion Crystallization — Cleavage- Isomorphism — Minuteness
of the Particles – Height of Atmosphere — Chemical Affinity – Definite
Proportions and Relative Weights of Atoms - Faraday's Discovery with
regard to Affinity — Capillary Attraction
102
SECTION XV.
Analysis of the Atmosphere – Its pressure — Law of Decrease in Density
Law of Decrease in Temperature — Measurement of Heights by the
Barometer - Extent of the Atmosphere — Barometrical Variations
Oscillations - Trade-Winds Cloud-Ring Monsoons Rotation of
Winds - Laws of Hurricanes
Page 117
SECTION XVI.
Sound — Propagation of Sound illustrated by a Field of Standing Corn
Nature of Waves — Propagation of Sound through the Atmosphere
Intensity — Noises - A Musical Sound - Quality — Pitch — Extent of
Human Hearing - Velocity of Sound in Air, Water, and Solids
Causes of the Obstruction of Sound Law of its Intensity — Reflection
of Sound Echoes Thunder — Refraction of Sound - Interference
of Sounds
129
SECTION XVII.
Vibration of Musical Strings — Harmonic Sounds — Nodes — Vibration of
Air in Wind-Instruments — Vibration of Solids — Vibrating Plates
Bells — Harmony - Sounding Boards — Forced Vibrations Resonance
- Speaking Machines
140
SECTION XVIII.
Refraction — Astronomical Refraction and its Laws — Formation of Tables
of Refraction - Terrestrial Refraction - Its Quantity — Instances of
Extraordinary Refraction - Reflection - Instances of Extraordinary Re-
flection - Loss of Light by the Absorbing Power of the Atmosphere -
Apparent Magnitude of Sun and Moon in the Horizon
153
SECTION XIX.
Constitution of Light according to Sir Isaac Newton — Absorption of Light
Colours of Bodies Constitution of Light according to Sir David
Brewster - New Colours - Fraunhofer's Dark Lines — Dispersion of
Light - The Achromatic Telescope — Homogeneous Light — Accidental
and Complementary Colours M. Plateau's Experiments and Theory
of Accidental Colours
159
SECTION XX.
Interference of Light - Undulatory Theory of Light Propagation of
Light - Newton's Rings — Measurement of the Length of the Waves of
Light, and of the Frequency of the Vibrations of Ether for each Colour
- Newton's Scale of Colours — Diffraction of Light -- Sir John Her-
schel's Theory of the Absorption of Light — Refraction and Reflection of
Light
167
SECTION XXI.
Polarization of Light - Defined — Polarization by Refraction - Properties
of the Tourmaline - Double Refraction - All doubly Refracted Light is
Polarized — Properties of Iceland Spar - Tourmaline absorbs one of the
two Refracted Rays - Undulations of Natural Light - Undulations of
Polarized Light — The Optic Axes of Crystals - M. Fresnel's Disco-
veries on the Rays passing along the Optic Axis Polarization by
Reflection
Page 179
SECTION XXII.
Phenomena exhibited by the Passage of Polarized Light through Mica and
Sulphate of Lime - The Coloured Images produced by Polarized Light
passing through Crystals having one and two Optic Axes --- Circular
Polarization - Elliptical Polarization - Discoveries of MM. Biot, Fresnel,
and Professor Airy — Coloured Images produced by the Interference of
Polarized Rays Fluorescence
186
SECTION XXIII.
Objections to the Undulatory Theory, from a difference in the Action of
Sound and Light under the same circumstances, removed — The Disper-
sion of Light according to the Undulatory Theory - Arago's final proof
that the Undulatory Theory is the Law of Nature
199
SECTION XXIV.
Chemical or Photographic Rays of Solar Spectrum - Scheele, Ritter, and
Wollaston's Discoveries - Wedgwood's and Sir Humphry Davy's Photo-
graphic Pictures — The Calotype - The Daguerreotype - The Chroma-
type - The Cyanotype Collodion - Sir John Herschel's Discoveries in
the Chemical Spectrum — M. Becquerel's Discoveries of Inactive Lines
in ditto — Thermic Spectrum — Phosphoric Spectrum
Electrical Pro-
perties - Parathermic Rays - Moser and Hunt's Experiments -- Gene-
ral Structure and antagonist Properties of Solar Spectrum — Defracted
Spectrum
203
SECTION XXV.
Size and Constitution of the Sun - The Solar Spots — Intensity of the
Sun's Light and Heat — The Sun's Atmosphere — His influence on the
Planets Atmospheres of the Planets — The Moon has none — Lunar
heat — The Differential Telescope — Temperature of Space — Internal
Heat of the Earth Zone of constant Temperature — Increase of Heat
with the Depth — Central Heat — Volcanic Action — Quantity of Heat
received from the Sun - Isogeothermal Lines — Line of Perpetual Con-
gelation - Climate — Isothermal Lines - Same quantity of Heat an-
nually received and radiated by the Earth
224
Analysis of the Atmosphere — Its pressure — Law of Decrease in Density
Oscillations - Trade-Winds Cloud-Ring — Monsoons Rotation of
Winds -- Laws of Hurricanes
Intensity - Noises - A Musical Sound — Quality — Pitch- Extent of
Human Hearing Velocity of Sound in Air, Water, and Solids -
Causes of the Obstruction of Sound - Law of its Intensity — Reflection
of Sound Echoes Thunder Refraction of Sound — Interference
Air in Wind-Instruments - Vibration of Solids
— Vibrating Plates
Refraction — Astronomical Refraction and its Laws - Formation of Tables
of Refraction – Terrestrial Refraction — Its Quantity - Instances of
Extraordinary Refraction — Reflection — Instances of Extraordinary Re-
flection — Loss of Light by the Absorbing Power of the Atmosphere -
Colours of Bodies — Constitution of Light according to Sir David
Brewster - New Colours Fraunhofer's Dark Lines - Dispersion of
Light — The Achromatic Telescope — Homogeneous Light- Accidental
and Complementary Colours - M. Plateau's Experiments and Theory
Interference of Light — Undulatory Theory of Light – Propagation of
Light — Newton's Rings — Measurement of the Length of the Waves of
Newton's Scale of Colours — Diffraction of Light -- Sir John Her-
schel's Theory of the Absorption of Light - Refraction and Reflection of
. 167