Thus AB and BC are determined. Like expressions will serve for the determination of any other two sides, whether contiguous or not: the co-efficients of x and y being designated by different letters for that express purpose; which would have been otherwise unnecessary in the solution of the individual case proposed.

Remark. Though the algebraic investigations commonly lead to results which are apparently simple, yet they are often, especially in polygons of many sides, inferior in practice to the methods suggested by subdividing the figures. The following examples are added for the purpose of explaining those methods: the operations however are merely indicated; the detail being omitted to save rooin.

EXAMPLES.

Ex. 1. In a hexagon ABCDEF, all the sides except af, and all the angles except a and F, are known. Required the unknown parts. Suppose we have

AB=1284

Ext. ang.

Whence

BC= 1782 B 329

EF sin 18°

BC. sin B+ CD. sin (BC)+DE. sin (B+C+D) + EF. Sin (B+C+D+E) AB+BC. COS B+CD. COS (B+C)+DE. COS (B+C+D)+ EF.CÓS (B+C+D+E) BC. sin 32o + CD. sin 80° DE. sin 132°EF. sin 1980 AB+BC. COS 32°+CD.cos 80o+DE. cos 132°+EF.cos198? BC .sin 32o+CD. sin 80°+DE. sin 48° AB+BC.COS 32°+CD.cos 80o DE.Cos 48° -EF.cos18° Whence BAF is found 106° 31' 38"; and the other angle AFE 91° 28′ 22′′. So that the exterior angles A and ƒ are 73° 28' 22', and 88° 31′ 38′′ respectively all the exterior angles making 4 right angles, as they ought to do. Then, all the angles being known, the side aF is found by th. 1=4621.5.

If one of the angles had been a re-entering one, it would have made no other difference in the computation than what would arise from its being considered as subtractive.

Ex. 2. In a hexagon ABCDEF, all the sides except af, and all the angles except c and B, are known: viz.

We shall have, by th. 2 cor. 1,

sin A

B=62° +BC. sin (A+B)

E=64°
F= 720 +CD

+CD. sin (A+B+C)

15

}={

DE.Sin(E+F) +EF. Sin F

There

Therefore, c. sin (116°+c):

149° 23′ 26′′,

Or, 116°+c={ +33° 36′ 34′′.

The second of these will give for c, a re-entering angle; the first will give exterior angle c=33° 23′ 26′, and then will D=14° 36′ 34′′.

AF

Lastly,

"AB. Cos 54° +BC. COS 64°

+CD. cos 30°36′34′′ =3885.905.

+DE COS 44°

EF COS 72°

Ex. 3. In a hexagon ABCDEF, are known, all the sides except AF, and all the angles except в and E; to find the rest. Given AB = 1200 Exterior angles a 64°

BC= 1500

CD = 1600
DE 1800
EF=2000

F = 84°.

Suppose the diagonal BE drawn, dividing the figure into two trapeziums. Then, in the trapezium BCDE the sides, except BE, and the angles except B and E, will be known; and these may be determined as in exam. 1. Again, in a trapezium ABEF, there will be known the sides except AF, and the angles except the adjacent ones B and E. Hence, first for BCDE: (cor. 3 th. 2),

tan CBE

CD. sin C+DE . sin (c+D)

CD. sin 72°+DE . sin 147o
BC+CD.COS 72°DE.COS 147°
Whence CBE

Then EB

CD.

sin 72°DE . Sin 33°

BC+CD . cos 72o — de . cos 33o

79° 2′ 1"; and therefore DEB = 67° 57′59′′.

BC. COS 79° 2' 1"

+CD. cos 7° 2′ 1′′

+DE. cos 67°57′59′′

Secondly, in the trapezium ABEF,

2548.581.

AB. Sin A+BE. Sin (A+B): = EF. sin F : whence

Taking the lower of these to avoid re-entering angles, we have в (exterior ang.) = 95° 4′ 6′′: ABE = = 95° 4′6′′ : Abe = 84° 55′54′′; FEB= 63° 4'6": therefore ABC 163° 57′ 55′′; and FED=131°25"

and

"

1

and consequently the exterior angles at в and E are 16o 2 5′
and 48° 57′ 55′′ respectively.

Lastly, AF AB. COS A-BE. COS (A+B)—EF COS F ——
AB cos 64° + BE. cos 20o 55′ 54′′- EF . cos 84°— 1645.292.
Note. The preceding three examples comprehend all the
varieties which can occur in Polygonometry, when all the sides
except one, and all the angles but two, are known. The un-
known angles may be about the unknown side; or they may
be adjacent to each other, though distant from the unknown
side; and they may be remote from each other, as well as
from the unknown side.

Ex. 4. In a hexagon ABCDEF, are known all the angles, and
all the sides except AF and GD: to find those sides.

Given AB = 2200 Ext. Ang. A ≈ 96°

Here, reasoning from the principle of cor. th. 2, we have,

AB.sin 96°

BC.sin150°

DE.Sin1660 or AB.sin 84o

+CD.Sin1700+EF.sin 1480

EF.Sin1480 BC.sin 30°
+CD.sin 10°

DE. Sin14°

+EF. Sin32°

Whence

CD

And

AF

DE.Sin14°.cosec 10°-AB.sin84°.cosec100

+EF.sin32°.cosec10°-Bc.sin30°.cosec 10°)

DE.Sin24°.cosec10°-CB.sin20°

+EF.Sin42o.cosec10o-BA.sin 74°

=14874-98.

Ex. 5. In the nonagon ABCDEFGHI, all the sides are known
and all the angles except A, D, G: it is required to find those
angles.

Given AB = 2400 FG = 3800 Ext. ang. в —
B 40°

!

2dly. In the quadrilateral DEFG, where DG and the angles about it are unknown; we have

EF. Sin EFG. sin (EF).

DE + ÈF. COS E + FG. COS (E+F)

EF. Sin 36°+ FG sin 81° DEEF. Cos 36°+ FG. cos 81?

Whence EDG=41° 14′ 53′′, FGD=39° 45′ 7′′.

HGA

+F&. cos 39° 45′ 7′′

43° 15′ 54′′,

3dly. In the trapézium GHIA, an exactly similar process gives 50° 46′ 53′′, IAG 47° 13′ 7', and AG = 9780.591. 4thly. In the triangle ADG, the three sides are now known, to find the angles; viz. DAG 60° 53′ 26′′, agd ADG = 75° 50′ 40". Hence there results, lastly, IAB =47° 13′ 7′′+60° 53′ 26′′+39° 30′42′′ CDE=32° 29′18′′+70 50' 40'+41° 14′53′′ = FGH=39° 39° 45′ 7"+43° 15′ 54′′ +50° 46′53′′ = 133° 47′ 54′′. Consequently, the required exterior angles are A=32°22′45′′, 30° 25′ 9′′, G 46° 12′ 6′′.

D

147° 37/15", 149° 34′ 51′′, 34′51′′,

Ex. 6. Required the area of the hexagon in ex. 1.

Ans. 16530191. Ex. 7. In a quadrilateral ABCD, are given AB=24, BC-30, CD=34; angle ABC 92° 18′, BCD 97° 28'. Required the

side AD, and the area.

Ex. 8. In prob. 1, suppose rq-2538 links, and the angles as below; what is the area of the field ABCDQP?

APQ-89° 14′, bpq=68° 11′, crq=36° 24′, dpq = 19°57' aqp=25° 18', BQP=69° 24′, CQP—94° 6′, dqp=121° 18′.

OF

OF MOTION, FORCES, &c.

DEFINITIONS.

Art. 1. BODY is the mass, or quantity of matter, in any material substance; and it is always proportional to its weight or gravity, whatever its figure may be.

2. Body is either Hard, Soft, or Elastic. A Hard Body is that whose parts do not yield to any stroke or percussion, but retains its figure unaltered. A Soft Body is that whose parts yield to any stroke or impression, without restoring themselves again; the figure of the body remaining altered. And an Elastic Body is that whose parts yield to any stroke, but which presently restore themselves again, and the body regains the same figure as before the stroke.

We know of no bodies that are absolutely, or perfectly, either hard, soft, or elastic; but all partaking these properties, more or less, in some intermediate degree.

3. Bodies are also either Solid or Fluid. A Solid Body, is that whose parts are not easily moved among one another, and which retains any figure given to it. But a Fluid Body is that whose parts yield to the slightest impression, being easily moved among one another; and its surface, when left to itself, is always observed to settle in a smooth plane at the top.

4. Density is the proportional weight or quantity of matter in any body. So, in two spheres, or cubes, &c. of equal size or magnitude; if the one weigh only one pound, but the other two pounds; then the density of the latter is double the density of the former; if it weigh 3 pounds, its density is triple; and so on.

5. Motion is a continual and successive change of place.If the body move equally, or pass over equal spaces in equal times, it is called Equable or Uniform Motion. But if it increase or decrease, it is Variable Motion; and it is called Accelerated Motion in the former case, and Retarded Motion in the latter. Also, when the moving body is considered with

respect

: