328. CASE III.-For a fluid of any sort. Take a piece of a body of known specific gravity; weigh it both in and out of the fluid, finding the loss of weight by taking the difference of the two; then say, As the whole or absolute weight, Is to the loss of weight, So is the specific gravity of the solid. B - B That is, the spec. grav. w= —s, by cor. 6, pr. 64. B 100 EXAMPLE. A piece of cast iron weighed 35 ounces ín a fluid, and 40 ounces out of it; of what specific gravity is that fluid? Ans. 1000. PROPOSITION LXVI. 329. To find the Quantities of Two Ingredients in a Given Compound. TAKE the three differences of every pair of the three specific gravities, namely, the specific gravities of the compound and each ingredient; and multiply each specific gravity by the difference of the other two. Then say, by proportion, EXAMPLE. A composition of 112lb being made of tin and copper, whose specific gravity is found to be 8784; required the quantity of each ingredient, the specific gravity of tin being 7320, and that of copper 9000 ? Answer, there is 100lb of copper, in the composition. and consequently 12lb of tin, SCHOLIUM. 333. The specific gravities of several sorts of matter as found from experiments, are expressed by the numbers annexed to their names in the following Table: A Table Platina (pure) - 23000 Clay 2160 Fine gold 19400 Brick 2000 Standard gold 17724 Common earth Quicksilver (pure) Quicksilver (common) - 13600 Ivory Lead Fine silver Standard Silver - Copper halfpence Gun metal 14000 Nitre 1900 1825 11325 Brimstone 11091 Solid gunpowder 1745 10535 Sand 1520 Cast brass Steel Iron Cast Iron Tin 2520 Air at a mean state 331. Note. The several sorts of wood are supposed to be dry. Also, as a cubic foot of water weighs just 1000 ounces avoirdupois, the numbers in this table express not only the specific gravities of the several bodies, but also the weight of a cubic foot of each, in avoirdupois ounces; and therefore, by proportion, the weight of any other quantity, or the quantity of any other weight, may be known, as in the next two propositions. PROPOSITION LXVII. 332. To find the Magnitude of any Body, from its Weight. As the tabular specific gravity of the body, Is to its weight in avoirdupois ounces, So is one cubic foot, or 1728 cubic inches, Example 1. Required the content of an irregular block of common stone, which weighs 1 cwt. or 112lb? Example 2. How many cubic inches of gunpowder are there in 1lb weight? Example 3. How many cubic feet are there in a ton weight of dry oak? Ans. 38139 cubic feet. PROPOSITION 1 PROPOSITION LXVIII. 333. To find the Weight of a Body from its Magnitude. As one cubic foot, or 1728 cubic inches, Is to the content of the body, So is the tabular specific gravity, To the weight of the body. Example 1. Required the weight of a block of marble, whose length is 63 feet, and breadth and thickness each 12 feet; being the dimensions of one of the stones in the walls of Balbeck? Ans. 683,4 ton, which is nearly equal to the burden of an East-India ship. Example 2. What is the weight of 1 pint, ale measure, of gunpowder? Ans. 19 oz. nearly. Example 3. What is the weight of a block of dry oak, which measures 10 feet in length, 3 feet broad, and 21 feet deep or thick ? Ans. 43351§lb. OF HYDRAULICS. 334. HYDRAULICS is the science which treats of the motion of fluids, and the forces with which they act upon bodies. PROPOSITION LXIX. 335. If a Fluid Run through a Canal or River, or Pipe of va rious Widths, always filling it: the Velocity of the Fluid in different Parts of it AB, CD, will be reciprocally as the Transverse Sections in those Parts. ་ For, as the channel is always equally full, the quantity of water running through AB is equal to the quantity running through CD, in the same time; that is the column through AB is equal to the column through cn, in the same time; or ABX length of its column CDX length of its column; there fore AB: CD:: length of column through co: length of column through AB. But the uniform velocity of the water, is as the space run over, or length of the columns; therefore AB: CD: velocity through CD: velocity through ab. 336. Corol. Hence, by observing the velocity at any place AB, the quantity of water discharged in a second, or any other time, time, will be found, namely, by multiplying the section AB by the velocity there. But if the channel be not a close pipe or tunnel, kept always full, but an open canal or river; then the velocity in all parts of the section will not be the same, because the velocity towards the bottom and sides will be diminished by the friction against the bed or channel, and therefore a medium among the three ought to be taken. So, if the velocity at the top be 100 feet per minute, that at the bottom and that at the sides 60 50 3) 210 sum: dividing their sum by 3, gives 70 for the mean velocity, which is to be multiplid by the section, to give the quantity discharged in a minute. PROPOSITION LXX. 337. The Velocity with which a Fluid Runs out by a Hole in the Bottom or Side of a Vessel, is Equal to that which is Generated by Gravity through the Height of the Water above the Hole; that is, the Velocity of a Heavy Body acquired by Falling freely through the Height AB. DIVIDE the altitude AB into a great number of very small parts, each being 1, their number a, or a the altitude AB. Now, by prop. 61, the pressure of the fluid against the whole B, by which the motion is generated, is equal to the weight of the column of fluid above it, that is, the column whose height is AB or a, and base the area of the hole B. Therefore the pressure on the hole, or small part of the fluid 1, is to its weight, or the natural force of gravity, as a to 1. But, by art, 28, the velocities generated in the same body in any time, are as those forces; and because gravity generates the velocity 2 in descending through the small space 1, therefore 1: a:: 2 : 2a, the velocity generated by the pressure of the column of fluid in the same time. But 2a is also, by corol. 1, prop. 6, the velocity generated by gravity in descending through a or AB. That is, the velocity of the issuing water, is equal to that which is acquired by a body in falling through the height AB. The R き The same otherwise. Because the momenta, or quantities of motion generated in 1335 338. Corol. 1. The velocity, and quantity run out, at dif ferent depths, are as the square roots of the depths. For the 339. Corol. 2. The fluid spouts out with the same veloci- * In this investigation the author uses the whole momentum ah × 2g which is Ed. |