འ as c to r, and 1 denote the natural density of the air at first : So, if the barrel be equal to of the receiver; then c; r 5: 4; and 40 0.80 is ⇒ d the density after n turns. And if ʼn be 20, then 0.8200115 is the density of the included n air after 20 strokes of the piston; which being the 86, part of 1, or the first density, it follows that the air is 86-7 times rarefied by the 20 strokes. 384. Or, if it were required to find the number of strokes necessary to rarefy the air any number of times; because 19 is the proposed density d; therefore, taking the loga n log. d. the number of rarify the air 100 times then d=。 or 0·1: and hence log. 100 1.5 1. 5 1.4 203 nearly. So that in 203 strokes the air will be rarefied 100 times. OF THE DIVING BELL & CONDENSING MACHINE. 385. On the same principles too depend the operations and effect of the Condensing Engine, by which air may be condensed to any degree instead of rarefied as in the air-pump. And, like as the air-pump rarefies the air, by extracting always one barrel of air after another; so by this other machine, the air is condensed, by throwing in or adding always one barrel of air after another; which it is evident may be done by only turning the valves of the piston and barrel, that is, making them to open the contrary way, and working the piston in the same manner; so that as they both open upward or outward in the ! the air-pump or rarefier, they will both open downward or 386. And on the same principles, namely, of the compres 387. If a vessel of any sort be inverted into water, and pushed or let down to any depth in it; then by the pressure, of the water some of it will ascend into the vessel, but not so high as the water without, and will compress the air into less. space, according to the difference between the heights of the internal and external water; and the density and elastic force of the air will be increased in the same proportion, as its space in the vessel is diminished. So, if the tube CE be inverted, and pushed down into wa- it is 34+AB : 34 :: ce : CD, CE: that is 344AF-DE : 34 :: CE : CE-DE, or 54-x: 34:4:4 hence, multiplying extremes and means, 216-58x+x2=136, 388. But 388. But if the vessel be not equally wide throughout, but of any other shape, as of a bell-like form, such as is used in diving; then the altitudes will not observe the proportion above, but the spaces or bulks only will respect that proportion, namely, 34+AB: 34:: capacity CKL capacity CHI, if it be common or fresh water; and 33+ AB: 33:: capacity CKL : capacity CHI, if it be sea-water. From which proportion, the height DE may be found, when the na ture or shape of the vessel or bell câ, is known, 389. THE BAROMETER is an instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere, and elasticity of the air, at any time. It is commonly made of a glass tube, of near 3 feet long, close at one end, and filled with mercury. When the tube is full, by stopping the open end with the finger, then inverting the tube, and immersing that end with the finger into a bason of quicksilver, on removing the finger from the orifice, the fluid in the tube will descend into the bason, till what remains in the tube be, of the same weight with a column of the atmosphere, which is commonly between 28 and 31 inches of quicksilver; and leaving an entire vacuum in the upper end of the tube above the mercury. For, as the upper end of the tube is quite void of air, there is no pressure downwards but from the column of quicksilver, and therefore that will be an exact balance to the counter pressure of the whole column of atmosphere, acting on the orifice of the tube by the quicksilver in the bason. The upper 3 inches of the tube, namely, from 28 to 31 inches, have a scale attached to them, divided into inches, tenths, and hundredths, for measuring the length of the column at all times, by observing which division of the scale the top of the quicksilver is opposite to; as it ascends and descends within these limits according to the state of the atmosphere, So that the weight of the quick- 2 20 lb, pounds, on every square inch of the base; and so in proportion for other heights. ! OF THE THERMOMETER. 390. THE THERMOMETER is an instrument for measuring the temperature of the air, as to heat and cold. It is found by experience, that all bodies expand by heat, and contract by cold; and hence the degrees of expansion become the measure of the degrees of heat. Fluids are more convenient for this purpose than solids; and quicksilver is now most commonly used for it. A very fine glass tube, having a pretty large hollow ball at the bottom, is filled about half way up with quicksilver: the whole being then heated very hot till the quicksilver rise quite to the top, the top is then hermetically sealed, so as perfectly to exclude all communication with the outward air. Then, in cooling, the quicksilver contracts, and consequently its surface descends in the tube, till it come to a certain point, correspondent to the temperature or heat of the air. And when the weather becomes warmer, the quicksilver expands, VOL. II. 31 and and its surface rises in the tube; and 30 10 like equal degrees are also continued to any extent below the This division of the scale is commonly called Fabrenheit's. 12 for air 1000 for water, and these also are the weights of a cubic foot of each, in avoirdupois ounces, 13600 for mercury; in that state of the barometer and thermometer. For other states of the thermometer, each of these bodies expands or contracts according to the following rate, with each degree of heat, viz. 1 |