in the commune of Lourdes, and the department of the Hautes Pyrénées. Two years since, it was visited by Alphonse Milne Edwards and Lartet, who published a detailed description in the Annales des Sciences Natuelles. Messrs. Garrigou and Martin add many interesting facts to those brought forward by these two earlier observers, from which we cite the following:

Within the cavern, toward the entrance of the great hall, there are great numbers of large blocks of limestone lying together upon a bed of rounded stones. Among these blocks, and especially at their base, are heaps of cinders and charcoal, some fragments of which occur at different places in the general deposit of the cavern. Bones, jaws, and teeth of different Mammals were obtained, especially from the lower part of the deposit. The surface layers of the deposit, which had been already turned up, afforded us only rare fragments, and these, before commencing our second day's examination, we carefully laid aside for separate study. Quantities of cut flints, bones, and horns of various stags, worked and shaped into the form of instruments and weapons, and some carved bones, lay in confusion along with the ashes and coal. Some of these remains were from the upper level of the deposit already worked.

We shall describe first the relics in the upper layer, explored before us by Milne Edwards, and then those of the lower strata, now examined by us. (1.) Upper layer.-We cannot do better, in giving the list of the Mammals found in the upper portion of the deposit, than to repeat what has been written by Alphonse Milne Edwards. He found remains of the Fox, Horse, Wild Boar, Stag, Chamois, Wild Goat (Bouquetin), Reindeer, Aurochs, Ox, Mole, Field Mouse, and Birds. We add, to complete this list, a Goat smaller than the Bouquetin and larger than the Chamois, and a Sheep of the size of the Goat.

The bones of all these animals are broken like those of the Kjoekkenmodding of Denmark, of the lake habitations of Switzerland, and of the caverns, of the age of stone, of Ariège.

Among these paleontological fragments, some, on careful examination, led us to infer that the domestication of certain animals had been in practice during the period under consideration.

Among the broken bones of the surface, some had evidently been attacked by Rodents. Near by were others bearing marks of the teeth of a Carnivore (a dog, beyond doubt).

Among the debris that we have ourselves examined, we collected, twenty centimetres below the surface, a small fragment of a rib of a Ruminant bearing a sculptured design of fine finish, and differing in this respect from objects of the same kind found at Bruniquel and in the caves of Périgord. The sculpturing is a portion of a larger design whose signification we can not give. An antenna of an insect, however, seems to be represented by one of the principal markings in the drawing.

We will conclude what we have to say of the upper part of the cavern deposit (a complete description of which is given by Alph. Milne Edwards), by saying that the specimens collected in this part seem more fresh, less altered, and less colored than those of the lower layers. This last fact has strongly impressed the minds of those to whom we have shown the results of our excavations.

(2.) Lower layers.-The list of animals found in the lower beds of tho cavern differs a little from the preceding. We notice the Horse, tho common Stag, the Reindeer, the Aurochs, an Ox smaller than the Au rochs but larger than that found in the upper beds, the Bouquetin, a large Sheep, two Rodents, and some bones of birds. The teeth of the Horse are more abundant than those of the Ox or Reindeer, but the bones of the Reindeer are more numerous than those of other Ruminants. All these bones are broken like those which are found in caves inhabited by man; the heads of the bones alone are entire.

While the bones of the surface are grayish white externally, those of the lower part of the deposit are colored red, as at Bruniquel, Lyzies, May-d'Azil, and Izeste. The former do not adhere to the tongue, and evidently contain gelatine, while the latter adhere to the tongue and contain no gelatine. In order to be sure as to the gelatine, we burned two fragments of bone on live charcoal; that taken from the surface afforded almost immediately an insupportable empyreumatic odor, and the other, taken from below, no odor at all.

Throughout the extent of the bed examined by us, even to the rolled pebbles at the surface, there are found, along with the bones, wrought flints, and also instruments and tools made of the horns of the Reindeer and common Stag, and of bone. More than four hundred flints, most of them wrought, and coarsely so, were turned out. These may be classified as follows:

(1) Knives; (2) scrapers; (3) arrow heads roughly hewn, and sometimes having the lower extremity long for attachment to a handle; (4) wrought hatchets of small size, but of the same form with those from the diluvium of Abbeville and Amiens; (5) fragments of flint which were chipped from the instruments here described.

More than twenty-four objects of stag horn, of reindeer horn and of wrought bones, and also one bone very coarsely sculptured, rewarded our excavations in the lower beds. The sculptured bone represents, as nearly as we can judge, a fish with ventral fins and a divided tail. The skill of the artist was inferior to, that in the case before mentioned.

The wrought objects may be divided into two categories: those coarsely wrought, and those of more finish. The collection of objects is very closely like that of the grotto of Izeste (Basses Pyrénées).

It appears evident to us that the inhabitants contemporary with the inferior deposits of Lourdes, and those of the cavern of Izeste, had a degree of civilization nearly equal to, and yet a little below, that of the occupants of the caverns of Périgord, Bruniquel, etc.

From a review of the facts, it is plain that the age of the upper layers of the deposit in the cavern of Lourdes is not the same as that of the lower. Our examination of the bones collected by us from the upper beds, leads to the same result that has been announced by Alph. Milne Edwards, after his investigations with Mr. Lartet. We conclude from the presence of the Aurochs, the existence of domestic animals, the discovery of bones gnawed by dogs, the almost complete preservation of the gelatine in the bones and their deeper color, and by the discovery of a bone finely sculptured, that the upper beds belong to an age more recent than that of the lower beds. This we would call, as done by Messrs.

Edwards and Lartet, the age of the Aurochs, with which Man was contemporary.

As to the lower beds, it is evident to us, from the abundant remains of the Reindeer, including large quantities of its horns; from the coarseness of its wrought objects, its worked flints and its sculpture; from the reddish brown color of the bones, and from the absence of gelatine and their adhering to the tongue, that they pertain to an epoch more ancient than the preceding. It was the age of the Reindeer, parallel with that which we have distinguished in describing the grotto of Izeste.

The cave of Lourdes has thus afforded the first example of the direct superposition of the beds of the two consecutive paleontological epochs of the Quaternary or Post-tertiary period-such as they have been indicated by our learned and venerated master, Mr. Lartet."—L'Institut, May 11.

12. On further discoveries of Flint Implements and Fossil Mammalia; by J. WYATT, Esq., F.G.S.-The opening of a section at Summerhouse Hill gave the author an opportunity of ascertaining whether the gravels at that lower level exhibited any features different from those of the upper level at Biddenham. Although, as might have been expected, some of the species of mammals were found to be common to the two localities, yet that under notice furnished some species of mammals, as well as of land and freshwater shells, together with a few types of flint implements, differing from those met with at higher levels.

Mr. Wyatt described the section at Summerhouse Hill in detail, showing that it tended to support Mr. Prestwich's opinions respecting the formation of gravel beds; he also described the Flint Implements he had recently found, comparing them with known specimens from the Valley of the Somme and elsewhere; and he stated that he was now enabled to add two new localities near Bedford-Summerhouse Hill and Honey Hill -to those already known as having furnished similar weapons.-Phil. Mag., [4], xxvii, 544.

13. On some recent discoveries of Flint Implements in Drift Deposits in Hants and Wills; by JOHN EVANS, Esq., F.G.S., etc.-Flint implements having recently been found on the sea-shore about midway between Southampton and Gosport, by Mr. James Brown of Salisbury, and also at Fisherton, near Salisbury, by Dr. H. P. Blackmore of that place, the author visited these localities in company with Mr. Prestwich, and gave the results of his observations in this paper.

After describing the implements from near Southampton, and having shown that their condition is identical with that of the materials composing the gravel capping the adjacent cliff, Mr. Evans proceeded to review the evidence of the great antiquity of these remains, which rested mainly on the circumstance that these gravel-beds, like those of Reculver, are of fluviatile origin, although now abutting on the sea.

In like manner the author then described the Fisherton implements, and the gravel-pits from which they were obtained. The relation of the high-level gravels (in which the implements were found) to the lowerlevel gravels of the valley of the Avon was next discussed, and the geological features of the former deposits particularly described, lists of the fossils (including the Mammalia and the Land and Freshwater Shells)

being also given. Mr. Evans came to the conclusion that the fossils bore evidence that the climate, at the time when they were deposited, was more rigorous, at any rate in the winter, than it now is; and to this cause he attributed the comparatively greater excavating power of the early Post-pliocene rivers.-Phil. Mag., [4], xxvii, 544.

14. Lake-dwellings or Pfahlbauten in Bavaria.-Ancient lake-d wellings, in general like those of Switzerland, have been discovered in Bavaria in the Sternberg Lake.

15. On some Bone- and Cave-deposits of the Reindeer-period in the south of France; by Mr. JOHN EVANS, F.R.S.-The deposits to which the author particularly called attention in this paper are those which have been, and are still being, explored under the direction of Mr. Lartet and Mr. Christy, and which were visited by him under the guidance of the latter gentleman, and accompanied by Mr. Hamilton, Professor Rupert Jones, Captain Galton, Mr. Lubbock and Mr. Franks. Mr. Evans first gave a detailed description of the physical features of the valley of the Vézère, and of the contents of the caverns of Badegoule, Le Moustier, La Madeleine, Laugerie-Haute, Laugerie-Basse, the Gorge d'Enfer, and Les Eyzies, giving a list of the animal remains discovered, which are, for the most part, of the same species from all the caverns. The author then discussed the antiquity of the deposits according to four methods of inquiry-namely, from geological considerations with regard to the character and position of the caves, from the paleontological evidence of the remains found in them, from the archeological character of the objects of human workmanship, and from a comparison with similar deposits in neighboring districts in France; and he came to the conclusion that they belonged to a period subsequent to that of the Elephas primigenius and Rhinoceros tichorhinus, but characterized by the presence of the reindeer and some other animals now extinct in that part of Europe. Proc. Geol. Soc., in The Reader, July 2.

16. On the Cavern of Bruniquel, and the Human Remains found therein; by Professor OWEN.-Professor Owen minutely details the circumstances under which these discoveries were made; and states that the contemporaneity of the human remains with those of the extinct and other animals with which they are associated together with the flint and bone implements is shown by the evidences of the plastic condition of the calcified mud of the breccia at the time of interment, by the chemical constitution of the human bones, corresponding with that of the other animal remains, and by the similarity of their position and relations in the surrounding breccia.

Among the principal remains of the men of the flint period described are the following: (1) The hinder portion of the cranium, with several other parts of the same skeleton, which were so situated in their matrix as to indicate that the body had been interred in a crouching posture, and that, after decomposition and dissolution of the soft parts, the skeleton had yielded to the superincumbent weight; (2) an almost entire calvarium, which is described and compared with different types of the human skull, which Professor Owen shows to be superior in form and capacity to the Australian type, and more closely to correspond with the Celtic type, though proportionally shorter than the modern Celtic and AM. JOUR. SCI.-SECOND SERIES, VOL. XXXVIII, No. 113.—Sept., 1864.

the form exhibited by the Celtic cranium from Engis, Switzerland; (3) jaws and teeth of individuals of different ages.

After noticing other smaller portions of human crania, the lower jaw and teeth of an adult, the upper and lower jaws of immature individuals are described, the characters of certain deciduous teeth being referred to. The proportions of the molars are not those of the Australian, but of other races, and especially those of ancient and modern Europeans. As in most primitive or early races in which mastication was little helped by arts of cookery, or by various and refined kinds of food, the crowns of the molars, especially of m 1, are worn down, beyond the enamel, flat and smooth to the stumps, exposing there a central tract of osteodentine without any signs of decay.

The paper was illustrated by a view and plans of the cavern, and by figures of the principal human remains, and of two implements of bone on which the Viscomte de Lastic had discovered, on removal of the breccia, outline figures of the head of a reindeer and the head of a horse in profile.-Proc. Roy. Soc., in The Reader, June 18.

17. On Human remains in Caves at Gibraltar; by GEO. BUSK. (Letter addressed to the Editors of "The Reader," and dated 15 Harley street, July 16, 1864.)-On the 30th of January last you afforded me an opportunity of stating the circumstance of the discovery by Capt. Brome, Governor of the Military Prison at Gibraltar, of a cavern, or rather a series of caverns and fissures, on Windmill Hill in that place. I also stated that Captain Brome had forwarded, some time before, a very large and valuable collection of various animal and human remains, which were in course of examination by Dr. Falconer and myself. Since then, we have received from the same gentleman a second very large consignment of similar remains from the same locality, and which, like the former, were packed, arranged, and ticketed with the greatest care and discrimination. Still more recently, Captain Sayer (the author of the latest History of Gibraltar) has brought over for us some human and other remains from a different place, about 200 feet lower down than the Windmill Hill Flats. These remains, as we understand from Captain Sayer, were procured some years since by Sir James Cochrane from a very deep and till then unexplored cavern, the entrance of which is in his own garden. And again, within the last few days, we have been furnished with additional human and other bones from Captain Brome; but we are as yet uninformed as to the precise locality whence these have been derived. We have also received from Mr. Mawe two portions of bone-breccia containing a considerable number of fragments, amongst which the most important is a large portion of the plastron of a species of tortoise. Captain Douglas Galton has also communicated to us two large fragments of ossiferous breccia procured from Camp Bay, close to Rosia Bay.

In my former communication I gave a rough list of the chief animals whose bones were contained in the first collection sent by Captain Brome, and referred to some great peculiarities observable in many of the human bones. The second collection forwarded by the same gentleman, although it has not added many new species to those contained in the former, has yet been of inestimable value from the additional means it has afforded