Iron: Its History, Properties, & Processes of Manufacture

allowed amount apparatus appears application Author bars become Bessemer blast blows bottom carbon cast cast-iron cast-steel causes cent changes charcoal charge coal coke cold cold-blast combined compression considerable construction contains converting crude iron cwts cylinder diameter direct effected employed entirely exhibited experiments feet fluid force forging fuel furnace give given greater grey hammer heat hot-blast important improvements increased ingots JAMES JOHN late length less loss lower machine malleable iron manganese manufacture mass material Mean melted metal minutes mould moved necessary obtained operation oxide passing placed plates present pressure produced Professor puddling quantity reduced resistance rolling shot shown shows side smelting soft specimens square inch steel strain strength success surface taken temperature tensile thick tons turned tuyeres unit University varies vessel weight whole wrought-iron