The Principles of AërographyRand McNally, 1917 - 318 pages |
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Common terms and phrases
absolute adiabatic altitude amount anticyclone ascents Atlantic atmosphere average Blue Hill British thermal units calorie cent charts cirrus cloud coast condensation constant convection cooling cubic centimeter cumulo-nimbus cumulus cumulus cloud cyclone decrease density direction distribution drops dry air dust dynes earth electricity elevation energy equator fall freezing frequently frost Galveston gauge given gram height humidity hyperbars ice storm increase inversion July kilobars kilograms kilometers kites Labrador current latitude layer lightning lower mass McAdie measurements melting meteorology meters per second miles millimeters Monthly Weather Review motion Mount Weather northeast observations Observatory occur ocean particles perature precipitation pressure radiation rain raindrops rainfall record region rotation saturation sea level shows snow solar specific heat square strata stratosphere surface temperature temperature gradient thunder thunderstorm tion unit upper valley velocity vertical warm water vapor waves wind winter
Popular passages
Page 168 - To the top of the upright stick of the cross is to be fixed a very sharp-pointed wire, rising a foot or more above the wood. To the end of the twine, next the hand, is to be tied a silk ribbon, and where the silk and twine join, a key may be fastened.
Page 167 - Make a small cross of two light strips of cedar, the arms so long as to reach to the four corners of a large thin silk handkerchief when extended...
Page 168 - This kite is to be raised when a thunder-gust appears to be coming on, and the person who holds the string must stand within a door or window, or under some cover, so that the silk ribbon may not be wet ; and care must ba taken that the twine does not touch the frame of the door or window.
Page 203 - If it is taller than surrounding trees; (6) if it is isolated; (c) if.it is upon high ground; (d) if it is well (deeply) rooted; (e) if it is the best conductor at the moment of the flash; that is, if temporary conditions, such as being wet by rain, transform it for the time from a poor conductor to a good one. 5. Lightning may bring about a forest fire by igniting the tree itself, or the humus at its base. Most forest fires caused by lightning probably start in the humus.
Page 172 - The turmoil compels mechanical contact between the drops, whereupon the charges break down the surface tension and insure coalescence. Hence, once started, the electricity of a thunderstorm rapidly grows to a considerable maximum. " After a time the larger drops reach, here and there, places below which the updraft is small — the air cannot be rushing up everywhere — and then fall as positively charged rain, because of the processes just explained. The negative electrons in the meantime are carried...
Page 115 - ... of the sailors. 8. Cumulus (Cu.). Wool-pack clouds. Thick clouds whose summits are domes with protuberances, but whose bases are flat. These clouds appear to form in a diurnal ascensional movement, which is almost always apparent. When the cloud is opposite the sun, the surfaces which are usually seen by the observer are more brilliant than the edges of the protuberances. When the illumination comes from the side, this cloud shows a strong actual shadow ; on the sunny side of the sky, however,...
Page 168 - As soon as any of the thunder clouds come over the kite, the pointed wire will draw the electric fire from them, and the kite, with all the twine will be...
Page 115 - Cu.). Large balls or rolls of dark cloud, which frequently cover the whole sky, especially in winter, and give it at times an undulated appearance. The stratum of strato-cumulus is usually not very thick, and blue sky often appears in the breaks through it. Between this form and the alto-cumulus all possible gradations are found. It is distinguished from nimbus by the ball-like or rolled form, and because it does not tend to bring rain.
Page 117 - From their base generally fall local showers of rain or snow, and sometimes hail or sleet. The upper edges are either of compact cumulus-like outline, and form massive summits, surrounded by delicate false cirrus, or the edges themselves are drawn out into cirrus-like filaments. This last form is most common in "spring showers.
Page 199 - Observations, however (discussed later), seem definitely to exclude this assumption. Thus, while the difference in electrical potential between the surface of the earth and a point at constant elevation is, roughly, the same at all parts of the world, the number and intensity of thunderstorms vary greatly from place to place. Further, while the potential gradient at any given place is greatest in winter, the number of thunderstorms is most frequent in summer, and while the gradient in the lower layer...