BERGHAUS-BERGMAN.

BERGHAUS, berghows, HEINRICH: 1797, May 3-1884, Feb.; b. Cleves, Rhenish Prussia: geographer. He was educated at Münster. In 1816, he was made 'geographi cal engineer' in the war dept. in Berlin, and was employed on the trigonometrical survey of Prussia, and became (1824) prof. of mathematics in the Architectural Acad. of Berlin (a post which he held till 1855) and (1836) director of the Geographical School in Potsdam. The best known of his chartographical works is his Physical Atlas (90 plates, 2d ed., 1852), which forms the basis of Johnston's work published in Edinburgh. He edited several geographical periodicals, such as his Geog. Jahrbuch (Geog. Annual). Of a more popular nature are his Physikalische Erdbeschreibung (Physical Description of the Earth), Grundlinien der Staatenkunde (Outlines of the Political Character of States), and Ethnographie, all of which appeared 1846-50. Other works are Länder und Völker-. kunde (1837-40), and Die Völker des Erdballs (1845–47). In 1855, he published a work entitled Was man von der Erde weiss (What is known of Earth). In 1862, appeared his Landbuch von Pommern; and in 1863, Briefwechsel Alexander von Humboldt's mit H. Berghaus. He died at Stettin in February, 1884.

His nephew, Hermann B., also is a distinguished mapmaker and geographical writer.

BERGHEM, berg'hem, NICHOLAS: 1624-1683; b. and d. Haarlem: Dutch painter. He studied painting first under his father, afterward under Van Goyen, Weenix the elder, and other masters. He had extraordinary facility of execution and great industry; and his landscapes decorate the best collections in Europe. They show warm coloring, natural and original grouping, with occasional lack of truth in outline. His etchings are highly esteemed.

BERGLER, berg'ler, JOSEPH: 1753-1829; b. Salzburg: historical painter. Having studied under Martin Knoller at Milan, and then in Parma, he returned to Germany, and settled at Passau 1786, where he was appointed painter to Cardinal Auersperg, prince-bishop, and painted many fine altar-pieces. From 1800 till his death he resided in Prague as director of the Acad. B. gave marked impetus to the fine arts in Bohemia, and his school furnished a number of eminent artists. One of his principal works is a Cyclus of important events in the history of Bohemia, in 66 sheets.

BERGMAN, běrg'mân, TORBERN OLOF: 1735, Mar. 91784, July; b. Katharinberg, West Gothland, Sweden: chemist. He was sent at 17 years of age to the Univ. of Upsala, to study for either the church or the bar; but disliking both these professions, he turned to natural history, physics, and mathematics, and soon made interesting discoveries in entomology, while he also distinguished himself as an accurate astronomical observer. In 1767, B. was elected to the chair of chemistry at Upsala, and continued in it till his death at Medevi. B. published a vast number of dissertations, the most important of which are collected into six octavo volumes under the title of Opuscula Tor

BERGMASTER-BERHAMPORE.

bernt Bergman Physica et Chemica (Leip. 1779-81). His essay on Elective Attractions was translated into English by Dr. Beddoes.

BERGMASTER, n. bérg'măs-ter [AS., Ger., or Sw. berg, a mountain or mine; and master (see BERG)]: the chief officer or judge among the Derbyshire miners. BERGMOTE, n. berg mot [AS. berg, gemote, an assembly]: a court or assembly for deciding all causes and disputes among the Derbyshire miners.

BERGMEAL, n. berg'mel [Ger. bergmehle]: a white cotton-like variety of carbonate of lime, occurring as an efflorescence, falling into powder when touched. Mixed with flour, it has been used in time of scarcity for food.

BERGUES, berg: town of France, dept. of the Nord, about 5 m. s.s.e. from Dunkirk. It is on the Colme, at the foot of a hill, was strongly fortified by Vauban, and has the means of flooding the valley with water. The canal of B., which admits vessels of 300 tons burden, unites it with Dunkirk and the sea, and its favorable situation makes it the entrepôt of the produce of the adjoining country. It has manufactures of soap, tobacco, and earthenware, also sugar and salt refineries. B. was walled and fortified first by Baldwin II., Count of Flanders; and Baldwin IV. erected a splendid abbey, of which two towers only remain, in honor of St. Winnoc, who retired here in the beginning of the 10th c. Between the 13th and 16th c. B. suffered much from wars, and changed masters several times. Pop. (1891) 5,435.

BERGYLT, ber gilt (Sebastes marinus, formerly Norvegica): Zetland name of a fish of the family Scorpœnida. It is the Rose Fish or Red Perch (though not a perch); also called Hemdurgan; Snapper; the Bream, in Gloucester, Mass.; John Dory, in Nova Scotia. It is sometimes called the Norway Haddock, although it has no resemblance to the haddock. It is an inhabitant of all the northern seas, and is occasionally found on the northern British coasts. It is red, dark on the upper parts, reddishwhite beneath. Its gill-covers are armed with short spines; the anterior rays of the dorsal fin are strong spines, the posterior soft; whole length 2 ft. or more. It is good food. In 1880 the U. S. Fish Commission found it plentiful on the edge of the Gulf Stream, in water 100-300 fathoms off Newport; not known before s. of Cape Cod. BERHAMPOOR, bĕr-âm-pôr': town in British India, presidency of Madras; a military station in the dist. of Ganjam; n. lat. 19° 20', e. long. 84° 50′; 525 m. n.e. of Madras, and 325 m. s. w. of Calcutta. The cantonments, themselves on a rocky ledge, have to the s. and e. a plain of considerable extent, on the nearer edge of which is the native town with a pop. of (1881) 23,599; (1891) 25,653.

BERHAMPORE, or BURHAMPORE: town in British India, presidency of Bengal; in the dist. of Moorshedabad; on the left bank of the Bhagirathi or Bhagruttee, which, itself the first great offset of the Ganges, afterwards joins another great offset, the Jellinghee, to form the Hoogly.

BERHYME-BERING SEA ARBITRATION.

B. is in n. lat. 24° 5' and e. long. 88° 17; 118 m. by land, and 161 by water, from Calcutta. It has long been one of the principal military stations of British India. The grand square, enclosing a spacious parade-ground, is particularly striking; and the quarters of the European officers form handsome ranges of brick-built and stuccoed edifices. There are here a college, hospitals, and mission churches. B. is the seat also of a civil establishment; and the houses of its chief members, erected in convenient spots in the neighborhood, give the place an air of grandeur. B. though at one time extremely unhealthful, from its low and moist site on the delta of the Ganges, has been so much improved by sanitary measures as to be second to no spot of Bengal in salubrity. Pop. (1881) 23,605; (1891) 23,515.

BERHYME, v. bě-rim' [be, and rhyme]: to rhyme about; to introduce into rhyme. (Used in contempt.)

BERING (or BEHRING), bèr'ing, VITUS: 1680-1741, Dec. 19; b. Horsens, Denmark: famous navigator. In 1704, he entered as captain the newly-formed navy of Peter the Great. From his ability and daring in the wars with Sweden, he was appointed to conduct an expedition of discovery in the sea of Kamtchatka. Sailing, 1728, from a port on the e. of Kamtchatka, he followed the coast n. until he believed, from the westward trending of the land, that he had reached the n.e. point of Asia. It is now, however, believed that the cape which B. rounded was the 8. of the real East Cape (lat. 66°), and that he never actually reached the strait to which he has given his name. After some years spent in explorations on the coasts of Kamtchatka, Okhotsk, and the n. of Siberia, he sailed, 1741, from Okhostk toward the American continent, and sighting land about 58° n. lat., he followed the coast northward for some distance; but sickness and storms obliged him to return. He was wrecked on the desert island of Avatcha, since called Bering's Island, and died there. The previous year he had founded the present settlement of Petropaulovski, in the Bay of Avatcha.-BERING'S ISLAND is the most westerly of the Aleutian Islands, lat. 55° 22′n., long. 166° e.; area 30 sq. m. It is barren, but is an important station of the Alaska fur industry,

BERING SEA, or BEHRING'S SEA, or SEA OF KAMTCHATKA: a part of the north Pacific Ocean, bounded w. by Kamtchatka, e. by Alaska, s. by the Aleutian Islands, and n. by Bering Strait; extreme dimensions n. to s. about 1,000 m.; e. to w. somewhat more; its triangular shape, however, makes its area less than these figures might indicate. There are several islands in this sea, and fogs prevail constantly; but owing to the shallowness of the strait there are no great icebergs. The Pribyloff Islands in this sea are about 250 m. n. of the Aleutian Islands.

BERING SEA ARBITRATION: decision of a controversy between the United States and Great Britain concerning the catching of seals in Bering Sea, arranged by a treaty signed at Washington 1802, Feb. 29, whose ratifications

BERING SEA ARBITRATION.

were exchanged at London, May 7. When Russia ceded Alaska to the United States 1867, she ceded therewith the Pribyloff Islands in the s.e. portion of that sea, and whatevers rights in Bering Sea had pertained to Russia in virtue of her possession of the territory adjacent. It was early contended by some that among her rights thus possessed and transferred was sovereignty over Bering Sea: this was met by the contention of the British govt. that though Russia might have exerted such sovereignty, making that sea mare clausum, that claim had never been conceded by other powers, and had been expressly combated by both Britain and the United States; and that consequently the United States as succeeding to Russia's rights had, by its own prior contention, vitiated such a claim.

The status of the international controversy regarding the right of the United States to control absolutely the taking of seals in Bering Sea, was (1891, Jan.) in general outline as follows.-The United States maintained: (1). The Pribyloff Islands were bought by the United States from Rus sia 1867. Through the whole period of Russian possession, citizens of the United States and of all other nations re frained from molesting the seals in the open water, and all govts. permitted Russia to control the catching of fur seals in Bering Sea: thus was acquired or acknowledged a right by Russia which passed to the United States in the purchase of the islands. This right, however, was pressed, not (as had been the earlier contention of some) to the extent of claiming Bering Sea as a closed sea,' but only so far as needful for preservation of the seals. (2). The United States owns and possesses the land to which the seals resort, and is therefore in equity entitled to protect the seals from destructive attack while they are approaching or leaving their breeding-place at the islands. Pelagic sealing as now con ducted threatens the rapid extermination of this species so valuable to man.-Great Britain maintained: (1). Bering Sea is a part of the high seas and open to all the world: the mere abstention of all other govts. and peoples from killing fur seals in that sea gave Russia no right to prevent the killing of seals whenever any other persons than Russians saw fit to engage in it; and if Russia had no such right she could have transferred no such right to the United States. (2). Seals are wild animals; and when they enter the waters of the open sea, any person is entitled to capture them.

Between 1886 and 1890, U. S. revenue cutters in Bering Sea made numerous seizures of sealing vessels flying the British flag, the result of which was a protracted diplomatic controversy, threatening at times to embroil the two nations in war. After full discussion between Lord Salisbury, Brit. prime minister, and Mr. Blaine, U. S. sec. of state, the two govts. finally decided to submit to arbitration the whole question of the jurisdictional rights of the United States in Bering Sea, the preservation of the fur seal, and the rights of the citizens or subjects of either country as to the taking of seals. A treaty to that effect was signed 1892, Feb. 29, and ratified May 7. A modus vivendi, concluded

BERING SEA ARBITRATION.

1891, June 15, established a close season; and both govts., in reviewing it, 1892, Apr. 18, resolved to submit to arbitra tion the question also of compensation for abstention from the right to take seals 'during the pendency of the ar. bitration.'

The personnel of the tribunal of arbitration comprised seven members: John M. Harlan, of Ky., associate justice of the U. S. supreme court, and Senator John T. Morgan, of Ala., appointed by the pres. of the United States; Sir James Hannen, judge of the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of her Britannic majesty's high court of justice, and Sir John S. D. Thompson, Canadian prime minister, ap pointed by the queen of England; Baron de Courcelles (elected pres. of the court), appointed by the pres. of France; Marquis Visconti Venosta, appointed by the king of Italy; and Justice Gregero W. W. Gram, of the supreme court of Christiania, appointed by the king of Sweden and Norway. General John W. Foster, of Ind., was the U. S. agent; and the Hon. C. H. Tupper, Canadian minister of marine and fisheries, was the Brit. agent. The leading U. S. counsel were the Hon. E. J. Phelps, of Vt., James C. Carter and Frederick R. Coudert, of N. Y.; while Sir Charles Russell, Sir Richard Webster, and Christopher Robinson, Q. C., were the leading Brit. counsel.

The sessions of the tribunal were held in Paris, 1893, Feb. 23-July 8. The decision of the arbitrators was an nounced Aug. 15.

As a whole, the award is a compromise. On each of the five points submitted, regarding the American claims to exclusive jurisdiction over the fur seal beyond the three-mile limit, the decision is against the United States. America has neither a derivative title to the e. half of Bering Sea, nor any proprietary title to the seals. All the technical

points by which the United States hoped to amend and extend the body of international law are overruled; and the tribunal refuses to create a precedent of unknown bearing, even for the commendable object of protecting the seals. However, this latter object is provided for by the establishment of liberal protective regulations morally binding on both nations; and, inasmuch as the preservation of the seal herds was the ultimate motive with which the United States entered into the arbitration, Americans generally are disposed to regard the award as a practical, if not a theo retical, vindication of their claims. It is significant that on the principal issues the decision of the arbitrators was al most unanimous. On the question of the American claims to a derivative title and exclusive jurisdiction in Bering Sea, covered by the first four points submitted, Senator Morgan's was the only dissenting voice. On the fifth point, Mr. Justice Harlan sided with Mr. Morgan. On this point of alleged proprietary right in the seals, even beyond the ordinary threemile limit, the United States had laid greatest stress in later stages of the controversy; but the foreign arbitrators unani. mously decided that this claim had no foundation in law.

That the tribunal, however, was deeply impressed with the arguments for the alleged property rights of the United