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His visit, however, proved highly remunerative, and he returned to Rome richly laden with gifts, leaving to his children an estate of abt. $500,000. Besides his works in sculpture, B. left numerous paintings. No artist, perhaps, was ever so much admired and rewarded during his lifetime as B.; but time has subtracted from his fame.

BERNOUILLI, bĕr-no'ye: name of a family that became famous through Europe in various branches of mathematical and physical science. The family originally resided in Antwerp, whence, 1583, its attachment to the reformed religion forced it to seek an asylum in Frankfort. Afterward the Bernouillis settled in Basel. Eight of them became highly distinguished; for the three most celebrated, see BERNOUILLI, JAMES; JOHN; DANIEL.

BERNOUILLI, DANIEL: 1700, Feb. 9-1782, Mar. 17; b. Gröningen, d. Basel; son of John. He studied medicine as well as mathematics. The family reputation early helped him to the professorship of mathematics at St. Petersburg, which he held for several years, retiring ultimately to Basel, much against the will of the czar. At Basel, he occupied in succession the chairs of anatomy and botany, and of experimental and speculative philosophy. He published various works, 1730-56, of which the chief are concerned with pneumatical and hydrodynamical subjects.

BERNOUILLI, JAMES: 1654, Dec. 25-1705, Aug. 16; b. Basel. He devoted his life to the study of mathematics. He became prof. of mathematics in the Univ. of Basel, succeeding in that chair the distinguished Megerlin. Among his first works were A Method of Teaching Mathematics to the Blind, and Universal Tables on Dialling. These were followed by Conamen Novi Systematis Cometarum, an essay on comets, suggested by the appearance of the comet of 1680; and an essay De Gravitate Etheris. He published a variety of memoirs on scientific subjects. De Arte Conjectandi was a posthumous work concerning the extension of the doctrine of probabilities to moral, politi cal, and economical subjects. His memoirs are in the Journal des Savans and Acta Eruditorum; his collected works were pub. in 2 vols. 4to, Geneva, 1744. Among his triumphs are to be recorded his solution of Leibnitz's problem of the isochronous curve, his determination of the catenary, an investigation of the properties of isoperimetrical figures. At his request, a logarithmic spiral was engraved on his tomb, with the motto, Eadem mutatá resurgo.

BERNOUILLI, JOHN: 1667, July 27-1748, Jan. 1; bro. of James; b. Basel. He and-James were the first two foreigners honored by being elected associates of the Acad. of Sciences at Paris, and members of the Acad. of Berlin. John was a chemist as well as mathematician. In 1694, he became a doctor of medicine, and soon afterwards prof. of mathematics at Gröningen, whence he removed to succeed his brother James in the Univ. of Basel. His forte was pure mathematics, in which he had

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no superior in Europe in his day. Among his achieve. ments are the determination of the line of swiftest descent,' and the invention of the exponential calculus.' His collected works were published at Geneva, 4 vols. 4to, 1742; and his correspondence with Leibnitz, 2 vols., 1745.

BERNOUSE, n. bér noz: another, but incorrect, spelling of BURNOOSE.

BERNSTEIN, bern'stin, GEORGE HEINRICH: 1787, Jan. 12-1860, Apr. 5; b. Kospeda, near Jena, where his father was pastor: distinguished orientalist. In 1806, he entered the Univ. of Jena, where he studied theology, philosophy, and eastern languages. In 1812, he was appointed extraordinary prof. of oriental literature in Berlin, and in 1821, regular prof. In 1843, he was appointed to Breslau. Besides a number of lesser treatises, and of contributions to scientific and critical journals, he established his reputation as an oriental scholar by the publication of an Arabic poem of Szafieddin of Hilla (Leip. 1816). But his greatest achievements were in Syriac literature, on which he published several pamphlets, expository and critical, 1837-47, and a lexicon to Kirsch's Chrestomathia Syriaca (new edi. tion, 2 vols., Leip. 1832-36).

BERÖE, běr ́ō-e: genus of the class Ctenophora (combbearers), which, with the other and lower classes Actinozoa and Hydrozoa, forms, sub-kingdom Cælenterata (see ZOOLOGY). It belongs to the ord., Eurystomeæ, and family Beroïdæ, characterized by a nearly globular or oval body, of a delicate jelly-like substance, with an alimentary canal passing through its axis, which is vertical as the B. floats, the body strengthened by bands of somewhat firmer texture, which run like meridian lines from pole to pole.' These bands are covered with rows of large cilia, the motion of which is extremely rapid, and is evidently controlled by the will of the animal, so that it swims with rapidity, and easily changes its course. The motion of the cilia causes a beautiful iridescence: the animals also are phosphorescent by night. B. (or Cydippe) pileus (figured for comparison in article ACALEPHE) is a little creature, very abundant in the sea on many parts of the British coasts. It is provided with two very long and slender tentacula, which proceed from the sides of the body, and are covered with a great number of still finer filaments. These organs are probably employed for seizing food. This, and other kinds of B., form a great part of the food of whales.

BEROSUS, be-rō'sus: prob. abt. B.C. 260: an educated priest of Babylon, who had a knowledge of the Greek lan guage. He wrote, in Greek, three books of BabylonianChaldæan history, in which he made use of the oldest temple archives of Babylon. The work was highly esteemed by Greek and Roman historians, but unfortunately only a few fragments have been preserved by Josephus, Eusebius, Syncellus, and others. Even these fragments are of great value, as they relate to the most obscure por tions of Asiatic history. They have been edited by Richter

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in his Berosi Chaldæorum Historiæ quæ supersunt (1825). The Antiquitatum Libri Quinque cum Commentariis Joannis Annii, first published in Latin by Eucharius Silber (Rome 1498) as a work of B., and often republished, was the pseudonymous work of the Dominican, Giovanni Nanni of Viterbo.

BERRE, bār, ETANG DE: an extensive lagoon of France, dept. Bouches-du-Rhône, with large salt-works and eelfisheries. It discharges its surplus waters into the sea by the Port-du-Bouc.

. BERRETTA, or BIRRETTA, n. běr-rět' ta [It. berrétta, a cap, a bonnet]: a square black cap; a scholastic bonnet peculiar to ecclesiastics, and to lawyers on the European continent.

BERRY, n. běr rì, BERRIES, n. plu. běr riz [AS. berie; Icel, ber; Ger. beere, a berry: Gael. beir, to produce]: any small juicy fruit. BERRIED, a. ber' rid, furnished with berries.

BERRY (Bacca), in Botany: a small fruit more or less fleshy and juicy, and not opening when ripe. The inner layers of the Pericarp (q.v.) are of a fleshy and succulent texture, sometimes even consisting of mere cells filled with juice, while the outer layers are harder, and sometimes even woody. The seeds are immersed in the pulp. A B. may be one-celled, or it may be divided into a number of cells or compartments, which, however are united together not merely in the axis, but from the axis to the rind. It is a very common kind of fruit, found in many different natural families, both of exogenous and endogenous plants; e.g. the fruits of the gooseberry, currant, vine, barberry, bilberry, belladonna, arum, bryony, and asparagus, which, though agreeing in their structure, possess widely different properties. Some of them, which are regarded as more strictly berries, have the calyx adherent to the ovary, and the placentas-from which the seeds derive their nourishment-parietal, that is, connected with the rind, as the gooseberry and currant; others, as the grape, have the ovary free, and the placentas in the centre of the fruit.The orange and other fruits of the same family, having a thick rind dotted with numerous oil-glands, and quite distinct from the pulp of the fruit, receive the name hesperidium; the fruit of the pomegranate, which is very peculiar in the manner of its division into cells, is also sometimes distinguished from berries of the ordinary structure by the name balausta. See POMEGRANATE. Fruits like that of the water-lily, which at first contain a juicy pulp, and afterward, when ripe, are filled with a dry pith, are sometimes designated Berry capsules. The gourds also, which at first have 3 to 5 compartments, but when ripe generally consist of only one compartment, are distinctively designated by the term pepo, peponium, or peponida, to which, however, gourd may be considered equivalent.

BERRY, or BERRI, běrri: one of the old French provinces (now forming the departments of Indre and Cher, q.v.); lat. 46° 10′-47° 40′ n., long. 1°-3° e., greatest length

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about 100 m., greatest breath 90. Having come into the possession of the French crown, it gave title at various times to French princes, the younger son of Charles X. being the last who held it.

BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND, Duke DE: 1778, Jan. 24 -1820, Feb. 13; b. Versailles: second son of the Count of Artois (afterwards Charles X.) and of Maria Theresa of Savoy. In 1792, he fled with his father to Turin; fought with him under Condé against France; afterwards visited Russia, and lived in London and Edinburgh. In 1814 he returned to France, and the following year was appointed by Louis XVIII. commander of the troops in and around Paris. In 1816, he married Caroline Ferdinande Louise, eldest dau. of Francis, afterwards king of the Two Sicilies. On this marriage the continuance of the elder Bourbon line depended. The Duke de B. was assassinated as he was conducting his wife from the opera-house to her carriage, by a person named Louvel. He left only one daughter, Louise-Marie-Thérèse d'Artois, Mademoiselle de France, born 1819; but 1820, Sep. 29, the widowed duchess gave birth to the prince, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, afterwards styled Count of Chambord. After the July revolution, 1830, in which the duchess exhibited immense force of character and courage, offering herself to lead on the troops against the insurgents, she, with her son, followed Charles X. to Holyrood, but left a considerable party in France in favor of the pretensions of her son as Henry V. of France. During a visit to Italy, the duchess was so far encouraged in her ambition, that a project was formed for reinstating the Bourbons in France; and, accompanied by several friends, she landed near Marseille 1832, Apr. 29. After many adventures, she was betrayed, and was imprisoned in the citadel of Blaye. The confes sion of the duchess, that she had formed a second marriage with the Neapolitan marquis, Lucchesi-Palli, at once destroyed her political importance, and the government set her at liberty: she died 1870.

BERRYER, bā-re-ā'or bĕr-ya', PIERRE ANTOINE: 1790, Jan. 4-1868, Nov. 29: b. Paris: distinguished advocate and politician. He distinguished himself first by his defense of victims of the restoration. In 1829, he was chosen deputy, and ever afterwards steadily represented the rights and policy of the elder Bourbons. His legitimist tendencies kept him for a time in the political background under Louis Philippe; but as the legitimist party in the chamber increased, his position grew in importance. He repeatedly undertook the defense of persons prosecuted by the government, not only of his own party, but republican leaders. It was he who defended Louis Napoleon in the chamber of peers after the Boulogne attentat. With the elder Bourbons he was in constant communication, and was one of the heads of the legitimist party who made a pilgrimage to the Count of Chambord in London, 1843. After the revolution of 1848, he represented the Bouches-du-Rhône; seemed inclined to support the gov

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ernment of the president, Louis Napoleon; and became a member of his privy-council. But this did not hinder him from going to Wiesbaden, 1850, to do homage to the Count of Chambord. On that occasion, he was openly spoken of as the future minister of Henry V. When Changarnier was removed from his command, B. united with Thiers and others to oppose the pretensions of the president, and he was one of the few who boldly protested against the coup d'état. In 1854, he was elected a member of the French Acad. His inaugural speech contained some uncomplimentary allusions to the lower empire, and its publication was prohibited, the prohibition, however, being removed in 24 hours. B. added greatly to his reputation as an orator by his defense of Montalembert (q.v.) against the government prosecution, 1858, Nov.

BERSAGLIE'RI: the riflemen or sharpshooters of the Italian army. After the disastrous campaign of Charles Albert against the Austrians in 1848-9, and the abdication of that monarch, his son, Victor Emmanuel, commenced a remodelling of the Sardinian army. One improvement, brought about by General Alessandro della Marmora, was the formation of a corps of B. These were light active soldiers, dressed in a picturesque but serviceable darkgreen uniform, and armed with long rifles. Two battalfons of these riflemen formed part of the Sardinian army during the Crimean war. During the Italian war of 1859, the B. were engaged in many operations requiring dash and brilliancy. There are over 40,000 in the regular army. BERSERKER, ber'ser-ker [ber, bare, and serkr, shirt of mail]: a redoubtable hero in Scandinavian mythology, grandson of the eight-handed Starkader and the beautiful Alfhilde. He despised mail and helmet, and, contrary to the custom of those times, went always into battle unharnessed, his fury serving him instead of defensive armor. By the daughter of King Swafurlam, whom he had slain in battle, he had twelve sons, who inherited the name of B., with his warlike fury.