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BORGOTARO-BORILLA.

thedral (the oldest part of which is in the Lombard style). several churches, and several educational institutions. Manufactures of silken, linen, and woolen fabrics are carried on; and oil and wine are produced in considerable quantities. The city derives its name from a saint, said to have been a soldier in the army of the Emperor Maximian, and to have suffered martyrdom here. The shrine of St. Donino has long been one of the most frequented in Italy. There are some curious remains of very rude mediaval sculpture in the cathedral. Pop. about 4,500.

BORGOTA'RO: town of n. Italy, province of Parma, 35 m. s.w. from Parma, on the left bank of the Taro, a tributary of the Po. It is encircled by walls, and is well built. The surrounding district is hilly and wooded. Pop. of commune, 7,000; of town, 2,200.

BORGU, bor-gő', or BARBA: a district of Africa, in the Soudan, between 17 -20° n. lat. and 18 -21° e. long. It is partly mountainous, and partly a plain of drifting sand, with here and there limestone valleys, some of which are irrigated and occupied by nomadic tribes of Arabs.

BORIC ACID: see BORACIC ACID.

BORICKITE, bōr'ik-it [from Boricky, who analyzed it]: a reddish-brown opaque mineral of waxy lustre, occurring reniform and massive. It contains phosphoric acid, 19:3529-49; sesquioxide of iron, 52-29-52′99; water, 19:0619.96; lime, 7·29-8-16; and magnesia, 0-0·41. It occurs in Styria and Bohemia.

BORIDE, n. bō'rid: a compound of boron (q.v.) with an element.

BORILLA, n. bawr'il-la [etymology doubtfull: a rich copper ore in dust.

M

BORING.

BORING: process in carpentry and in the working of metals; performed in a variety of ways. For boring holes in wood the carpenter makes use of awls, which simply displace a portion of the wood, and of gimblets, augers, and bits of various kinds, these last being applied by means of the crank-shaped instrument called a brace. The boring of holes in metal plates for making attachments, is effected by means of drills driven by machinery. The annexed figure shows the essential parts of such a boring machine. The drill is inserted in the end of a vertical spindle, P, which revolves in a fixed frame, and is driven by the bevel-wheels, G. The metal to be bored is placed on a table or other support below the drill; and the up and down motion, or end-pressure and off-action, of the drili is effected by the hand-gear, O, N, turning the screw M; which being coupled to the top of the spindle at L, presses it down or raises it, according to the way it is turned. The spindle slides vertically Boring Machine. in the collar forming the axis of the bevel-wheel, but is carried round with it by means of the pin I, which projects into a groove seen at J.

P

For the Boring of Cannon and of Cylinders for steamengines, see CANNON-FOUNDING: LATHE.

BOR'ING: process of perforation of earth and rocks. It comprises two operations-boring of shot-holes for Blasting (q.v.); and sinking of bores, either for drainage or in pros pecting for minerals; also in forming wells for water, petroleum, salt-brine, etc. Blast-holes are made 1-2 in. or more in diameter. When they are to be made in hard rock by the simplest method, a steel-pointed drill is struck by a ham. mer, and after each blow is turned partly around to make the bore cylindrical; water poured into the bore from time to time facilitates the process of cutting, and preserves the temper of the drilling-tool. When many blast-holes are to be made, machinery supersedes hand-work. Usually the machine-drill imitates the action of the hand-drill, the cut. ting being done by percussion, and the chisel partly rotated after each cut. The machine-drill was first employed in boring the Mt. Cenis tunnel. The Burleigh rock drill, an Amer ican invention, is reputed to be one of the most efficient of machine-drills. It was used in the Hoosac tunnel from 1869 to the completion of the work. The rock to be perforated was gneiss alternating with quartz. The highest rate of progress possible with hand-drilling was 16 yds. per minute the Burleigh drili made 48 yds. In diamond-pointed drills the perforation is effected by pressing the tool against the rock and rotating it steadily. instead of making it cut into the rock by percussion. Brandt's rotatory borer is operated

BORING ANIMALS-BORISSOGLIEBSK.

on the same principle as the diamond drill, but has a crown of hardened steel instead of cutting diamond. When the rock to be perforated is of uniform structure, e.g., slate, an apparatus like the carpenter's brace and bit is used with advantage.

In prospecting for minerals and in sinking Artesian Wells (q.v.), the operations are performed either with boring rods or with rope-borers, or with diamond drills. In boring rods, the tools for cutting the rock and removing the detritus are fixed to rods which are lengthened as the bore increases in depth, and which are worked by hand or by machinery overhead. Soft ground can be perforated by tools like augers; but percussion is necessary where the ground is harder. When the depth is small the rods are lifted by hand, then allowed to drop, and partly rotated at each lift. For deep holes, and especially those of large diameter, steam machinery is employed to work the rod. The method of boring with the rope appears to have been used first in China. In this method the cutting tool is fastened to a rope, by which it is alternately raised and made to descend. In the diamond drill the working part is the crown,' a short piece of tube of cast steel, at one end of which a number of black diamonds are fastened into small cavities: the crown is

screwed on to wrought iron pipes, which constitute the boring-rod. Machinery at the surface causes the rod to rotate, and the result is the cutting of an annular groove at the bottom of the hole, leaving a core, which, breaking off from time to time, is caught by a little shoulder and brought to the surface with the rod. In places where it is not necessary to preserve this core for verification of the rocks passed through, the crown bears diamonds in the centre also: in either case the detritus is washed away by a stream of water which is forced down the tube and flows up the sides. With this system a bore-hole can be deepened continuously at a speed unattainable by other methods, which require stoppages for cleaning out the bore. The diamond drill used for prospecting in the Lake Superior region can be used above or below ground. Two inclined cylinders drive a horizontal crank shaft, which works bevel gear, causing the drill to revolve. At the same time a countershaft is likewise set in operation, and this effects the advance of the drill by gearing driving the feed-screw: as there are three kinds of gearing, the speed can be varied at pleasure. The feed-screw and its connections are carried by a swivel-head, and this can be turned to drill holes at an angle. The rods are lap-welded iron tubes 1 in. in diameter, fitted with a bayonet joint.

BORING ANIMALS: see BORER.

BORISSOFF, bō-ris-sof": town in Russia, in the government of Minsk, on the river Berezina, 46 m. n.e. of the city of Minsk; noted as the scene of the dreadful disaster to the retreating army of Bonaparte in its passage over the Berezina 1812, Nov.-Pop. 6,500.

BORISSOGLIEBSK, bo-ris-o-glebsk: city of Russia, cap. of the district of the same name, on the Worona river, near its confluence with the Khoper, about 100 m. s.s.e. of Tambova. Being connected by railroads and by navigable

BORLASE-BORNEENE.

streams with business centres in all directions, it has become a prosperous emporium. Pop. 12,254.

BORLASE, bor las, WILLIAM: 1696, Feb. 2-1772, Aug. 31; b. Pendeen, Cornwall: English antiquary. Ordained a priest in the English Church 1720, he was, 1732, presented to the vicarage of his native parish of St. Just. Applying himself to a study of the natural history and antiquities of Cornwall, he in 1753 published, at the Oxford press, a vol. entitled Observations on the Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall. This was followed, 1758, by the Natural History of Cornwall, Oxford. B. paraphrased the book of Job, and wrote several pieces of a religious nature, was active in the supervision of his parish, and took an especial interest in the improvement of its highways. He was one of Pope's correspondents, and furnished to the poet most of the curious fossils of which the Twickenham grotto was composed.

BORN, pp. baurn: see BEAR, to bring forth. BORN AGAIN, having received spiritual life.

BORN, barn, BERTRAND DE: 1145 ?-1210? b. Perigord: French warrior and troubadour, prominent in the political and the literary history of his time. He defeated his brother in a contest for the family heritage. Richard the Lion-hearted sided with the brother; because he himself had been offended by certain of B.'s satirical songs. Thereupon B. favored Henry II. of England in the bitter quarrel between the king and his sons. Dante, in his Inferno, represents B. as among the damned, with his head cut off, and carrying it in his hand like a lantern.

His son BERTRAND DE BORN, poet and warrior like the father, is often confounded with him. It is supposed that he was killed in the battle of Bouvines (1214).

BORN, IGNATIUS, Baron VON: 1742-91; b. Karlsburg, Transylvania: mineralogist and metallurgist. B. was educated a Jesuit at Vienna, but soon left the order, and studied law at Prague. After travelling he returned to Prague, studied mineralogy, and 1770 was received into the dept. of mines and the mint. Against opposition, he introduced amalgamation in Hungary, in place of smelting and cupellation, for extracting silver from ores, and was rewarded by the emperor. He was appointed by Maria Theresa, 1766, to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna, where he soon became councilor of state. B. was active in Hungarian polities, and was one to receive the rights of denizen from the diet of the Hungarian states. His works on mineralogy were of much importance at the time.

BORNE, pp. börn [see BEAR, to carry]: carried; defrayed as to expense.

BÖRNE: see BOERNE.

BORNEENE, bor'nên, or FLUID BORNEO CAMPHOR, Of OIL OF CAMPHOR: a thin liquid, lighter than water, with a fragrant odor (somewhat resembling turpentine); obtained by distilling native oil of Borneo camphor, or oil of valerian The B. is employed in perfumery.

BORNEO.

BORNEO, bawr'në-ō (called by the natives Pulo Kalamantin or Klemantin, the name of an indigenous fruit): next to Australia and Papua, the largest island in the world; in the Indian archipelago, in 7 n.-4° 20′ s. lat., and 106° 40'--116° 46′ e. long. It is bounded on the e. by the Sea of Celebes and the Macassar Strait, s. by the Sea of Java, w. and n. by the Gulf of Siam and the China Sea. Its length is about 800 m., with a.breadth of 700; about 290,000 sq. m.; estimated pop. 1,846,000. The largest part, on the s., e., and w., 203,714 sq. m., estimated pop. about 1,000,000, is a possession of Holland. On the n. w. coast is the state of Sarawak, 50,000 sq. m., pop. 300,000, under British influence and ruled by an English rajah. Northeast of Sarawak is the native state of Brunei, or B. proper, since 1890 under Brit. protection, 8,000 sq. m., pop. 50,000. Beyond Brunei is Brit. North B., the property of an English trading co., and since 1888 under Brit. protection, 30,000 sq. m., pop. 150,000. Between Brit. North B. and the Dutch possessions on the e. is the native state of Sulu. Of the remainder of the island, which comprises the interior, little is known. The soil of the peopled and explored part is very fertile and adapted to cultivation of all tropical productions. There is abundance of valuable timber, and the island has a rich fauna. The principal minerals, so far found, comprise, gold, coal, iron, diamonds, quicksilver, and antimony. The various states have considerable trade; exports including sago, bees-wax, camphor, spices, drugs, dyes, gold, coal, antimony, hides, rattans, indigo, tortoise-shell, cinnabar, trepang, gutta-percha, arrow-root, etc. Many varieties of fruit, spices, and gums are either indigenous to the soil or are exceedingly thrifty in it. Malays, Dyaks, Kyans, Negritos, Bugis, and Chinese are represented in the pop. of the settled parts, and the Kanowits, Pakatans, and various tattooed races inhabit the interior. The principal Dutch settlements are at Sambas, Pontianak (q.v.), Banjermassin, and Koti.-The coasts of B. have numerous small bays and creeks, but no deep indentations, are mostly low and marshy, with occasionally dangerous islets and rocks. Two nearly parallel ranges of mountains extend s. w. n.e. through the island, one terminating on the n.e. coast at Mount Kini Balu, 13.698 ft. above sea-level. Between them are well-watered plains. The principal water courses, of which there are many fine ones, have outlets on the n. and w. coasts, and comparatively unknown upper courses. They are the Brunei, or Borneo, Redjang, Baram, Bintulu, Sirabas, BatangLuper, and Sarawak, on the n.; the Kutei, Bulungan, and Kuran on the e.; the Barito, Kahaijan, Kapuas-Murung, Mendawei, and Sampit, in the s.e.; and the Pontiana, Sambas, Simpang, Succadana, and Pawan, on the w. Brunei alone is navigable for vessels of considerable size. Among numerous lakes, that of Kini Balu is the most notable, being 100 m. in circumference, containing many pretty islands, and having on its bank a circle of Dyak villages. The climate in the low grounds is humid, hot, and unhealthful for Europeans; but in the higher parts, toward the

The

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