BOSTRA-BOSWELL.

which do not imply a previous collegiate education are denominated colleges.' The first of the colleges' opened was the College of Music, 1872: the New England Conservatory of Music (in Boston) adopted the work of this college and constituted it its graduate dept. 1891. The Coll. of Liberal arts, organized 1873, has the usual 4 classes-freshman, sophmore, junior, senior; besides graduate, special, and unclassified students; students in this college (1893) 317; professors and instructors 26. The Mass. Agri. Coll. at Amherst serves as the B. U.'s College of Agriculture: its students, graduate and undergraduate, were (1893) 155; professors and instructors 13.-The schools had (1893) students and faculties as follows: theology, fellow 1, graduate students 5, undergraduates 131; professors and instructors 15; law students 219, professors and instructors 14, lecturers 23; medicine, students 154, professors and instructors 42. The aim of the School of All Sciences is to afford to bachelors of arts of whatever college the means of post-graduate instruction; and secondly to meet the wants of graduates in theol., law, med. or other professional courses, who may wish to broaden and supplement their professional culture by study of related sciences, arts and professions. The scheme comprises thorough instruction in all cultivated languages and their literatures; all natural and mathematical sciences; all theological, legal, and medical studies; all fine arts; all branches of special historical study. As this school crowns and unifies the whole work of the University, its faculty consists of all regular professors of the different faculties, together with such additional instructors as the work of the school may require. The faculty (1893) numbered 40 members, with 9 additional instructors and examiners; the students (candidates for the degrees A.M. and Ph.D., 124. The total number of students in all the schools and colleges was 1075 (young women 306, young men 759). Women are represented on the staff of professors and instructors as well as in the studentship. B. U. is the first university in the world organized throughout without regard to sex. The total assets 1892, Aug. 31, amounted to $1,599,000.70; total liabilities to $80,204.23; net assets $1,518,796,47. Scholarships to the amount of $10,600 were granted to over 100 students 1892. The president of the B. U. (ever since its foundation) is William F. Warren, S.T.D., LL.D.

BOS TRA: see BOZRAH.

BOSWELL, boz' wěl, JAMES, of Auchinleck, in Ayrshire: friend and biographer of Dr. Samuel Johnson: 1740, Oct. 29-1795, June 19; b. Edinburg. He studied at Glasgow, and for one year at the Univ. of Utrecht-in the same year (1763) in London making the acquaintance of Johnson, whom he had greatly admired and desired to know. Afterward he made a tour of Europe, visited Corsica, bearing a letter of introduction to Paoli, the Corsican leader, from J. J. Rousseau, and became enthusiastic for Corsican independence. He pub. 1768 Account of Corsica (3d ed. 1769), containing memoirs of Gen. Paoli, of whom he was a lifelong friend and admirer.

BOSWELLIA.

B. became a member of the Faculty of Advocates, 1766, but never applied himself with earnestness to the law. In 1773 he was admitted into the Literary Club instituted by Johnson, of which Burke, Goldsmith, Reynolds, and Garrick were members. From this time he made it his principal business to note down the sayings and doings of Johnson, with whom he associated on intimate terms, and whom he accompanied on his tour in Scotland and the Hebrides, 1773. B. was married 1769 to a lady named Montgomery, and had several children. Led by his taste for London society, he removed thither in mature life, and entered at the English bar, but without attaining success in the profession After Johnson's death, 1784, he employed himself in arranging the materials which he had collected, and preparing his long-contemplated biography. His Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides appeared 1785, his Lafe of Samuel John son, 2 vols., 1791. Both have gone through many editions. Boswell has been emphatically styled by Macaulay ‘the first of biographers.' His work is indeed full of details, but they are such as exhibit character, and are arranged in the most interesting manner. He conceals neither his own faults, nor those of Johnson, but presents a picture of which the truthfulness is too evident to be questioned; and Johnson is probably better known by the pages of B. than by his own writings. B. died in London. Beside the works already mentioned, he was author of one or two minor productions of temporary interest. In 1856, Dec., there was published a posthumous volume of Letters of James Boswell, addressed to the Rev. W. J. Temple, from the Original MSS., in which the gay, insouciant character of the man very strongly appears.

His eldest son, SIR ALEXANDER BOSWELL, Baronet, of Auchinleck, 1775–1822, Mar. 26, was the author of a number of Scottish songs, full of humor, which he collected into a volume, entitled Songs, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Edin. 1803), some of which had considerable popularity. He wrote also Edinburgh, or the Ancient Royalty, a picture of Scottish manners in the dialogue form, and edited many of the older productions of Scottish literature. A duel with Mr. Stuart of Dunearn, occasioned by personal allusions in a publication connected with a parliamentary election, resulted in his death.

BOSWELLIA, bŏz-wěl'í-a: genus of trees of the nat. ord. Amyridacea (q.v.), having flowers with a small five-toothed calyx, five petals, and a crenulated glandular disk; a triangular capsule with three valves, three cells, and one seed in each cell; the seeds winged on one side; their cotyledons intricately folded, and cut into many segments. Two or three species only are known, of which the most interesting is B. serrata (or B. thurifera), the tree which yields OLIBANUM (q.v.), now very generally believed to have been the FRANKINCENSE (q.v.) of the ancients. It is a large timbertree, with pinnate leaves, which have about ten pair of hairy serrated oblong leaflets, and an odd one, each leaflet about 1-14 inch in length. The flowers are small and numerous,

BOSWELLISM-BOSWORTH.

in axillary racemes, and of a pale pink color. When the bark is wounded, the delightfully fragrant olibanum flows out, and hardens by exposure to the atmosphere. The tree

a

Boswellia serrata:

a, part of a branchlet, with leaf and raceme of flowers; d, a single flower; c, a capsule, cross section.

is found in the mountainous parts of Coromandel, and is supposed to be a native also of other parts of India, and of Persia, Arabia, and perhaps Abyssinia. B. glabra, a very similar species, a native of India, also yields a resin, comparatively coarse, sometimes used for incense, and boiled with oil as a substitute for pitch.

BOSWELLISM, n. bóz wěl-izm: the style of James Boswell. BOSWELL'IAN, relating to or resembling Boswell.

BOSWORTH, or MARKET BOSWORTH, boz werth: markettown in Leicestershire, Eng., on an eminence in a very fer tile district, 12 m. w. of Leicester. Many of the people are employed in knitting worsted stockings. On a moor in the vicinity was fought, 1485, the battle in which Richard III. was slain, and which terminated the Wars of the Roses. On an elevation, called Crownhill, Lord Stanley placed the crown on the head of the Earl of Richmond, Henry VII. Here Simpson the mathematician was born; Dr. Johnson was an usher in the Free Grammar School, in which Salt, the Abyssinian traveller, and Richard Dawes, the Greek critic, were educated. Pop. (1881) 3,978.

BOSWORTH, JOSEPH, D. D. 1789-1876, May 27; b. Derbyshire, Eng. philologist. He graduated first at Aberdeen, afterward at Leyden; he also took the degrees of B.D. and D.D. at Cambridge and Oxford. He obtained a curacy in the English Church 1815, and two years afterward the vicarage

BÖSZÖRMENY-BOTALLACK MINE.

of Horwood Parva, Buckinghamshire. He now devoted such time as an active discharge of his parochial duties left at his disposal to literature, and especially to researches in Anglo-Saxon and its cognate dialects. The result of his iabors appeared 1823 in a work entitled Elements of AngloSaxon Grammar. Fifteen years afterward he published the work by which his name is best known, A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language (Lond. 1838; new ed. by T. Northcote Toller 1882). This was at the time a very valuable work; an abridged edition was afterward issued by the author. B. resided in Holland 1829-40, as British chaplain. He returned to England and was presented to the vicarage of Waithe, Lincolnshire. In 1858 he became rector of Water Stratford in Buckinghamshire, and also prof. of Anglo-Saxon at the Univ. of Oxford. In 1865, he published the Gospels in Gothic of A. D., 360 and the Anglo-Saxon of A. D. 995 in parallel columns with Wycliffe's version of 1389, and Tyndale's of 1526. He was author of various other philological works.

BÖSZÖRMENY, be-ser-muñ: chief of the six towns of the free district of Hajduk, in the east of Hungary, about 10 m. n.n.w. of Debreczin. It has active trade in rye, tobacco, water-melons, soda, and saltpetre. Pop. (1892) 21,238.

BOTAL, bo-tal', or BOTALLI, bo-tál le, LEONARDO: b. Asti, Italy, about 1530: distinguished physician and author of medical works. To him has been ascribed the discovery of the opening between the auricles of the heart, still called the foramen of Botal,' but it had been spoken of by Vesalius and by Galen. The opening is closed at or near birth, and B's description was wrongly based on an exceptional case occurring in a grown person.

BOTALLACKITE, bot-ål'ak-ît [from the Botallack Mine (q.v.), where it occurs]: a variety of Atacamite occurring in thin crusts of minute interlacing crystals closely investing killas.

BOTALLACK MINE, bé-tălăk: locality on the w. coast of Cornwall, England, near Penzance, noted for a tin and copper mine which extends far under the sea. The coast scenery is remarkable, and attracts many tourists.

BOTANIC GARDEN.

BOTANIC GARDEN: grounds in which plants are collected and cultivated in order to scientific study. The various economical applications of botany, however, in agriculture, manufactures, medicine, etc., are almost always particularly in view; and one great object of a B. G. is to bring to a country useful foreign plants, to determine the question of their suitableness to its climate, and to introduce those which may be cultivated with advantage. B. gardens are now deemed indispensable to the proper equipment of universities; they are reckoned among the public institutions of great cities, and even of nations, and are established in new colonies, not only for the sake of science, but as one of the means of promoting their prosperity. The first approach to a B. G. appears to have been made about 1309, in the garden of Matthaeus Sylvaticus, at Salerno; botanical science, however, being subservient to medicine. Of a similar character was the medical garden established at Venice, by the republic, 1333. The example of Venice was followed by other Italian cities, and plants from different parts of the world began to be collected. At length, about contemporaneously with the revival of botanical science in modern times, the first true B. G. was formed 1533 at Padua, by Musa Brassavola, for Gaspar de Gabrieli, a wealthy Tuscan noble; soon followed by those of Pisa, Florence, Bologna, and Rome. The first public B. G. was that of Pisa. A public B. G. was established at Padua 1545, by a decree of the republic of Venice, at the request of the professors and students of medicine. The republic of Venice greatly encouraged the study of botany by sending persons to the Levant, to Egypt, and even to India, to procure plants for this garden. The B. G. of Leyden was begun 1577; it had in its infancy the care of Clusius, and was brought to great perfection by Boerhaave, who was prof. of botany there.-The first public B. G. in Germany was established by the Elector of Saxony at Leipsic 1580, and was soon followed by others.-France had no B. G. till Louis XIII. established the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, begun 1610, completed 1634.-There was no public B. G. in England till 1632, when that of Oxford was founded by the Earl of Danby. Private botanic gardens, however, had existed in England for the greater part of a century.-The B. G. of Edinburgh, the first in Scotland, was founded about 1680, as a private B. G., by Dr., afterward Sir Andrew Balfour, a zealous naturalist, who had inherited a collection of plants formed by a pupil of his own, Patrick Murray, of Livingston, at his country seat, and transferred them to Edinburgh; and the city of Edinburgh afterward allotted to it a piece of ground, and allowed an annual sum for its support out of the revenues of the university.

The B. G. at Kew occupies a high place among British national institutions; it presents one of the richest collections of plants in the world, and has been greatly improved under the care of Sir William Jackson Hooker and his son, who succeeded him 1865. The Hortus Kewensis of Mr. Aiton, to whom the garden owed much of its pros