Irrigation Engineering

Front Cover
J. Wiley and Sons, 1909 - 625 pages
 

Contents

Runoff
14
Relation of Rainfall to Runoff
15
Formulas for Maximum Runoff
16
Flood Discharges of Streams
17
Discharge in Seasons of Minimum Rainfall
20
Mean Discharge of Streams
21
CHAPTER III
23
Amount of Evaporation
25
Evaporation from Earth
27
Effect of Evaporation on Water Storage
28
Absorption
29
Amount of Absorption in Reservoirs and Canals
30
Seepage Water
31
Evaporation Absorption and Seepage
33
CHAPTER IV
34
Waterlogging
35
Chemical Treatment
36
Mulching and Leaching
38
Drainage
39
Silt
40
Amount of Silt
41
Prevention of Sedimentation in Reservoirs and Canals
42
Fertilizing Effects of Sediment
44
CONTENTS xiii
47
Measurement of Water Duty
50
Duty per Secondfoot
51
Duty for Various Crops
52
Quantity per Service and Irrigating Period
53
Linear and Areal Duty
54
Percentage of Waste Land
55
Duty of Water
57
CHAPTER VI
58
Amount of Pressure of Water
59
Atmospheric Pressure
60
Factors Affecting Flow
61
Kutters Formula
62
Tables for Use with Kutters Formula
64
Discharge of Streams and Velocities of Flow
65
Surface and Mean Velocities
70
Current Meters
72
Gauging Stations
74
Use of the Current Meter
75
Rating the Meter
76
Measuring Weirs 33ས 89 Rectangular Measuring Weir
77
Francis Formulas
78
Conditions of Using Rectangular Weir 92 Trapezoidal Weirs
79
ART PAGE 93 Weir Gauge Heights
80
Measurement of Canal Water
85
Methods of Measurement
86
The Statute Inch or Module
88
Divisors
89
CHAPTER VII
91
Underflow
93
Artesian Wells
94
Capacity and Cost of Artesian Wells
95
Storage of Artesian Water
96
Manner of Having Wells Drilled
97
Varieties of Drillingmachines
98
Process of Drilling
100
Capacity of Common Wells
102
Wells Powerpumped
103
Tunnelling for Water
105
Underground Cribwork
106
Other Subsurfacewater Sources
107
Sewage Irrigation
109
Fertilizing Effects of Sewage
110
Effects of Sewage Irrigation on Health III
111
Duty of Sewage
112
Methods of Laying out Sewage Farms and Applying Sewage
114
Subsurfacewater Sources and Sewage for Irrigation
117
CANALS AND CANAL WORKS CHAPTER VIII
118
Navigation and Irrigation Canals
119
Inundation Canals
120
Perennial Canals
123
66
124
Parts of a Canal System
125
CHAPTER IX
126
Alignment
127
Method of Survey
128
Contour Topographic Survey
130
Right of Way Public Land also State Desertland Grants
131
Obstacles to Alignment
132
Sidehill Canal Works
133
Curvature
134
Example of Canal AlignmentGanges Canal
135
India
137
Example of Canal AlignmentTurlock Canal
138
Example of Canal AlignmentSanta Ana Canal
143
Mill Creek Flume and Steel Bridge Santa Ana Canal
145
View on Line of Santa Ana Canal
147
Velocity Slope and Crosssection
148
Limiting Velocity
149
Examples of Canal Velocity and Grades
150
Crosssections
151
Form of Crosssection
152
Side Slopes and Top Width of Banks
154
Crosssection with Subgrade
155
Shrinkage of Earthwork
159
Crosssection in Rock
160
HEADWORKS AND DIVERSION WEIRS ART PAGE 160 Location of Headworks
162
Character of Headworks
163
Diversion Weirs
164
Classes of Weirs
165
Rectangular Pile Weirs
166
Open Frame or Flashboard Weirs
168
Kern River Diversion Weir Head of Calloway Canal
169
Open Masonry Weirs Indian Type
170
Crosssections of Indian Weirs
171
Laguna Weir Colorado River
175
Movable Iron Weirs French Type
176
Rolling Lift Weir
177
Construction of Crib Weirs
179
View of Old Weir and Scouring Sluices Head of Arizona Canal
181
Scouring Effect of Falling Water
183
Rollerway and Ogeeshaped Weirs
185
Watercushions
186
Masonry Weirs 138
188
Masonry Weirs founded on Piles
190
Masonry Weir founded on Piles and Cribs
191
Masonry Weir founded on Cribs
192
Crosssection of Croton Dam
193
Concrete Weir Ashlar Facing
194
Rubble Masonry Weir
195
Iron Ogee Rollerway Weir
196
Ironfaced Rollerway Weir Cohoes N Y
197
Reinforced Concrete Weir
200
Reinforced Rubble Masonry Weir
202
Granite Reef Weir Salt River During Construction
205
Other Masonry Weirs
206
View of Goulburn Weir Australia
207
Diversion Dams
208
River Training Works
209
CHAPTER XI
211
Examples of Sluiceways
212
Yuma Project and Sluiceways Laguna Weir
214
Sluice Gates Laguna Weir
217
Sluice Gates Granite Reef Weir
219
ART PAGE 197 Falling Sluicegates
221
Mahanuddy Sluice Shutters
223
Soane Falling Sluicegates
224
Falling Sluicegate Soane Canal India
225
Automatic Wasteway Gate
226
Relation of Weirs to Regulators
227
Granite Reef Regulator
229
Classification of Regulators
230
Arrangement of Canal Head
231
Wooden Flashboard Regulators
232
Wooden Gate Lifted by Windlass
234
Gate Lifted by Travelling Winch
235
Inclined Horizontally Pivoted Falling Gates
236
Bear River Canal Elevation and Crosssection of Weir and Reg ulator
238
Hydraulic Lifting Gate
239
Location and Characteristics of Waterways
240
Design of Escape Heads
242
Crosssection and Elevation of Regulator Gates Folsom Canal
243
Wasteways Reclamation Service
244
Taintor Circular Wasteway Gates
246
Sandgates
250
CHAPTER XII
255
Retarding Velocity by Flashboards on Fall Crest
256
Retarding Velocity by Contracting Channel
257
Notched Fall Crest
260
Vertical Fall of Wood
263
Masonry Falls
264
Masonry Rapids
266
Plan of Rapids Bari Doab Canal India
267
Drainage Cuts
268
Level Crossings
270
Flumes
272
Highline Canal Colorado View of Bench Flume
273
Sidehill Flumes
274
Stave and Binder Flumes
275
Flume Trestles
276
Inverted Siphons of Masonry
293
Reinforced Concrete Culverts
294
CHAPTER XIII
296
Design of Distributaries
297
Efficiency of a Canal
299
Dimensions of Laterals
302
Distributary Channels in Earth
303
Wooden Lateral Heads and Turnouts
304
Standard Masonry Outlet for Distributaries Punjab India
307
Masonry Lateral Heads
310
Diversion and Canal Works
311
CHAPTER XIV
313
Relation of Soil Texture to Plantgrowth
315
Theory of Cultivation by Irrigation
319
Methods of Applying Water
321
Preparation of Ground for Irrigation
322
Sidehill Flooding of Meadows
324
Flooding by Checks
325
Flooding by Checkerboard System of Squares
326
Flooding by Terraces
327
Combined Flooding and Furrow Irrigation of Orchards
328
Irrigating Orchard by Terraced Basins on Hillside
329
Irrigating Orchards by Small Furrows
330
Ditch and Furrow Checks
333
Subsurface Irrigation
334
Drainage of Soil
335
Main and Distributing Pipes
336
Flow of Water in Pipes
338
Formulas of Flow in Pipes
339
Tables of Flow in Pipes with and without Pressure
340
Sheetiron and Steel Pipes
343
Woodenstave Pipes
346
Construction of Wooden Pipe Lines
347
Reinforced Concrete Pipe
349
Measurement of Flow in Pipes
350
Application of Water and Pipe Irrigation
352
PART III
353
Relation of Reservoir Site to Land and Water Supply
354
Topography and Survey of Reservoir Sites
355
Exploring for Rock Foundation
357
Geology of Reservoir Sites
359
Cost and Dimensions of some Great Storage Reservoirs
360
CHAPTER XVI
363
Dimensions of Earth Dams
364
Foundations
365
Foundations of Masonry Core and Puddle Walls
366
Masonry Cores Puddle Walls and Homogeneous Embankments
367
Masonry Corewalls in Earth Embankments
369
Puddle Walls and Faces
370
Puddle Trench
371
Homogeneous Earth Embankment
372
Earth Dam and Masonry Corewall during Construction Carmel N Y
375
ART PAGE 301 Embankment Material
376
Embankment of Sand
377
Combined Earth and Hydraulicfill Dam
378
Interior Slope and Paving
380
Earth Embankment with Masonry Retainingwall
382
Earth and Looserock DamsPecos Dam
383
Minidoka Project and Dam Idaho
385
Looserock Dams
387
Walnut Grove Dam
389
Rockfilled Steelcore Dam
391
Crib Dams
392
Lower Otay Rockfilled Dam
393
Looserock Dams with Masonry Retainingwalls
394
Failure and Faulty Design of Earth and Looserock Dams
396
CHAPTER XVII
399
Stability of Gravity Dams
400
Stability against Sliding
402
Coefficient of Friction in Masonry
403
Stability against Crushing
404
Limiting Pressures
406
Molesworths Formula and Profile Type
409
Height and Top Width of Dam
410
Stability against Upward Water Pressure also Causes of Failure
411
Stability against Temperature Changes
415
Design of Curved Dams
418
Widecrested or Overfall Dams
420
Design of Overfall Dams
421
Foundations
424
Material of which Constructed
426
Excavating Foundation for New Croton Dam and Gatehouse
427
Concrete
428
Rubble Masonry
430
Details of Construction
431
Waterproofing Materials
434
Submerged Dams
437
Construction in Flowing Streams
438
Specifications and Contracts
440
Furens Dam France
442
Gran Cheurfas Dam Algiers
443
Tansa Dam India
444
View of Bhatgur Dam India
445
New Croton Dam New York
447
Periar Dam India
448
Beetaloo Dam South Australia
449
Remscheid Dam Germany
450
San Mateo Dam Plan Crosssection and Outlet Sluices
451
Sweetwater Dam California
452
Plan of Sweetwater Dam
453
Crosssection of Sweetwater Dam
454
View of Sweetwater Dam
455
Vyrnwy Dam Wales
456
Assuan Dam and Assiout Weir Egypt
457
Betwa Dam India
458
La Grange Dam California
460
Folsom Canal View of Weir and Regulator
461
Folsom Dam California
462
Folsom Canal Plan and Crosssection of Weir
463
Overfall Masonry Dam Spier Falls N Y
464
Roosevelt Dam Arizona
466
Plan of Roosevelt Dam Salt River Project Arizona
467
Shoshone Dam Wyoming
470
Bear Valley and Zola Dams
471
Upper Otay Dam California
472
Buttressed and Arched Masonry Walls
474
Steel Dam Ash Fork Arizona
478
CHAPTER XVIII
481
Character and Design of Wasteways
482
Classes of Wasteways
483
Shapes of Waste Weirs
484
Examples of Wasteways
486
Automatic Shutters and Gates
488
Automatic Dropshutters
489
Automatic Weirgates
491
Stoneys Balanced Sluicegate
493
Undersluices
495
Examples of Undersluices
496
Gatetowers and Valvechambers
498
Examples of Gatetowers and Outlet Sluices
500
Electrically Operated Outlet Gates Roosevelt Dam
506
Works of Reference Storage Works
507
CHAPTER XIX
509
Motive Power and Pumps
510
Choice of Pumping Machines
512
Animal Motive Power
514
Windmills
515
Capacity and Economy of Windmills
516
Varieties of Windmills
519
Value of Windmills as Irrigating Machines
523
Power in Falling Water
524
Watermotors
526
Undershot Waterwheels
527
Overshot Waterwheels
531
Turbine Waterwheels
532
Pelton Waterwheels
534
Uses of Waterpower
536
Waterpressure Engines
537
Hydraulic Rams
539
Hotair Alcohol and Gasoline Pumpingengines
541
Pumping by Steampower
543
Producer Gas Power
545
Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps
546
Examples of Centrifugal Pumping Plants
550
Steam Pumpingengines
551
Examples of Steam Pumping Plants
552
408A Hydroelectric Pumping Plants
554
Cost of Various Powers and Pumping
555
Pulsometers and Mechanical Elevators
556
Irrigation Tools
557
Grading and Excavatingmachines
559
Operation and Maintenance
560
Sources of Impairment of Irrigation Works
561
Inspection
562
Works of Reference Pumping Machinery
563
CHAPTER XX
564
Scope of Reclamation Law
567
Water Users Associations
569
Specifications Roosevelt Dam
573
Unit Costs Reclamation Service
584
Alkali Drainage and Sedimentation 46
625
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Page 557 - ... report to Congress at the beginning of each regular session as to the results of such examinations and surveys, giving estimates of cost of all contemplated works, the quantity and location of the lands which can be irrigated therefrom, and all facts relative to the practicability of each irrigation project; also the cost of works in process of construction, as well as of those which have been completed.
Page 556 - That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to make examinations and surveys for, and to locate and construct as herein provided, irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and development of waters, including artesian wells...
Page 558 - That it is hereby declared to be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior in carrying out the provisions of this Act, so far as the same may be practicable and subject to the existence of feasible irrigation projects, to expend the major portion of the funds arising from the sale of public lands within each State and Territory hereinbefore named for the benefit of arid and semi-arid lands within the limits of such State or Territory...
Page 556 - That all moneys received from the sale and disposal of public lands in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming...
Page 556 - ... per centum of the proceeds of the sales of public lands in the above States set aside by law for educational and other purposes, shall be, and the same are hereby, reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special fund in the Treasury to be known as the
Page 560 - That when the payments required by this Act are made for the major portion of the lands irrigated from the waters of any of the works herein provided for, then the management and operation of such irrigation •works shall pass to the owners of the lands irrigated thereby, to be maintained at their expense under such form of organization and under such rules and regulations as may be acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior...
Page 41 - States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons per minute ; equals 646,317 gallons for one day. 1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet or 13.572 inches deep. 1 second-foot for one year equals 31,536,000 cubic feet. 1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour. 1 second-foot for one day equals 86,400 cubic feet.
Page 557 - No right to the use of water for land in private ownership shall be sold for a tract exceeding 160 acres to any one landowner, and no such sale shall be made to any landowner unless he be an actual bona fide resident on such land, or occupant thereof residing in the neighborhood of said land, and no such right shall permanently attach until all payments therefor are made.
Page 559 - The limit of area per entry, representing the acreage which in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior may be reasonably required for the support of a family...
Page 558 - That nothing in this Act shall be construed as affecting or intended to affect or to in any way interfere with the laws of any State or Territory relating to the control, appropriation, use, or distribution of water used in irrigation, or any vested right acquired thereunder...

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