microscope, was found to contain the bacteria Beggiatoa nivea, often found in sulphurous waters. The water from the various springs showed almost identical composition. The analysis of water from one of the springs gave in parts per 10,000:-NaCl, 297-630; KCl, 6·960; MgCl2, 36.948; MgBr2, 0584; CaSO,, 21-357; MgSO., 18-486; CaCO3, 4600; MgCO3, 2:250; Fe2O3, 0038; Al2O3, 0019; SiO2, 0-485; organic matter, 0.042; total solids, 389-399. CO, as bicarbonate, 3-200; CO2 free, 7·218; SH2, 0·109; total mineral constituents, 399-926. Besides this the water contained traces of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, iodine, and fluorine. L. T. T. Analyses of Water from Artesian Wells. By C. KLEMENT (Jahrb. f. Min., 1888, i, Ref., 71–72, from Bull. mus. roy. hist. nat. Belg., 3, 1-97). The wells investigated are in Brussels or its immediate vicinity. The bore-holes struck water, below a bed of clay, in fissured chalk underlain by rocks of Silurian age. The following are the depths and temperatures of the water:-1. Hospital St. Pierre, Rue Haute, Brussels, 945 m., 15-2°; 2. Distillery, St. Gilles, 65 62 m., 11.8°; 3. Candle factory, Cureghem, 73 m., 12.5°; 4. Godin foundry, Laeken, 106.9 m., 12.5°; 5. St. Sauveur baths, Brussels, 75 m., 12·8°; 6. Boeck brewery, Koekelberg, 115'5 m., 120°; 7. Brewery, Anderlecht, 95 m., 12.2°; 8. Starch manufactory, Machelen, 82 m., 12.5°. The analyses were conducted in accordance with Bunsen's method with the following results: 0.1343 0 1902 0.0852 0.1084 0.1811 0.0679 0.0998 0.1295 SiO2 0.0276 0.0063 0·4618 0.0490 0·0020 0·1980 0·4409 0.0102 0.0008 0 0106 0·0433 0.0175 0·0230 0·0177 0·0093 0·0233 0.0324 0 0200 0·0257 0·0300 0·0320 | 0·0302 0.0258 0·0302 0 0449 00179 0 0173 0.0178 0·0135 0.0160 0.0245 0.0115 0 0840 0 1295 0.0598 0 1024 0.1559 0.0759 0 0755 0 1231 0.0065 00250 0·0274 0·0074 0·0143 0·0032 0·0045 0.0084 B. H. B. Organic Chemistry. Preparation of Trimethylene. By G. GUSTAVSON (J. pr. Chem. [2], 36, 300-303).-Trimethylene may be prepared by heating trimethylene bromide with zinc-dust and aqueous alcohol or water; 1 litre of the gas is thus obtained from 10 grams of bromide, and from this quantity of the gas 7.2 grams of dry, crude trimethylene bromide (or 457 grams iodide) can be again produced, showing that this method of preparation gives good results. When trimethylene is passed into concentrated sulphuric acid, liquid hydrocarbons are formed on the surface of the acid, and the solution, after diluting, yields normal propyl alcohol on distillation. F. S. K. Conversion of Trimethylene Bromide into Propylene Bromide. By G. GUSTAVSON (J. pr. Chem. [2], 36, 303-304).When trimethylene bromide and aluminium bromide are placed together in a sealed tube at the ordinary temperature, the former undergoes intermolecular change and propylene bromide is formed. F. S. K. Ethylpropylacetylene. By A. BEHAL (Bull. Soc. Chim., 48, 216219).-Butyrone (106 grams) is gradually mixed with phosphorus pentachloride (200 grams), and when the action has ceased a further quantity of butyrone is added and the reaction is completed by heating. The liquid is then cooled and poured on ice, and the chlorine-derivative separated and heated with alcoholic potash in sealed tubes at 130-150° for 20 hours. The product is treated with water and dried over calcium chloride. The ethylpropylacetylene thus obtained is a liquid which boils at 105-106°, and has an odour of acetylene; sp. gr. at 0° = 0·760. It does not combine with cuprous chloride, but with mercuric chloride a white precipitate is formed after some time, and when this precipitate is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid an odour of butyrone can be perceived. Bromine acts on it with great energy, yielding a liquid of higher sp. gr. than water. When treated with about twice its own weight of concentrated sulphuric acid at 0°, the hydrocarbon yields a red-brown solution which becomes colourless when mixed with ice. The sole product of hydrolysis is butyrone. The removal of 2 mols. of hydrogen chloride from dichlorobutyrone may yield diethylallylene, or the corresponding hydrocarbon with a closed chain, but the fact that this hydrocarbon forms a compound with mercuric chloride, and is readily hydrolysed, combined with the absence of tertiary carbon united with the carbon which is in union with the chlorine, render it most probable that this hydrocarbon is ethylpropylacetylene, CEt CPr. C. H. B. Hydrolysis of Diallyl. By A. BEHAL (Bull. Soc. Chim., 48, 43-51).-Diallyl is added drop by drop with continual agitation to ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid cooled by ice. The acid becomes red but the colour disappears when the acid is diluted by ice, which is added in sufficient quantity to reduce the temperature, and the product is then neutralised with an alkali or an alkaline earth, preferably the former. The liquid is then distilled and the supernatant layer separated. In all cases the sulphonic acid, CH1'SÓ,H, is obtained. The barium, calcium, and potassium salts are very soluble in water and crystallise with difficulty. The supernatant layer of the distillate boils at 93°, and is soluble in 15 parts of water at the ordinary temperature. It does not combine with sodium hydrogen sulphite even after prolonged contact, has no action on hydroxylamine, and does not reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate in alcoholic or aqueous solution. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid with development of heat, but no combination takes place; when heated with this acid in sealed tubes at 143-150°, it yields dichlorhydrin bciling at 170-180°. It does not precipitate magnesium chloride solutions, and when treated with phosphorus pentachloride a considerable quantity of hydrogen chloride is evolved, but no definite products could be isolated. Bromine is absorbed with great energy, but the product readily decomposes and cannot be distilled even in a vacuum. In one case the liquid was treated with excess of bromine and then washed with water; when the water was added there was considerable development of heat, and the liquid separated into two layers. The lower layer was hexylene bromide, probably corresponding with pseudohexylene glycol. The upper aqueous liquid readily reduced ammoniacal silver nitrate, and when neutralised and distilled yielded a small quantity of a liquid having the properties of an aldehyde. The original liquid heated with water at 150-180° yields no glycol. When hexyl pseudoglycol is mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid at 0°, it yields a product identical with that obtained by the action of the acid on diallyl. The hydrolysis of diallyl under the influence of sulphuric acid yields a compound formed by the dehydration of isohexyl glycol, identical with the hexylene pseudoxide obtained by Wurtz by the action of silver oxide on diallyl dihydriodide. The oxide thus obtained differs from ordinary glycol by its inaptitude to combine CHCHMe with water, and has the constitution <CH CHMe>0. Its formation is due to the fact that the two alcoholic groups from which the oxide is derived are separated by two atoms of carbon; and the two ethylene-groups do not act independently, but have been linked. together by the atom of oxygen, forming an oxide more stable than the glycol. Moreover, the hydroxyl-groups in pseudohexyl glycol are in the position, and hence readily form an anhydride. 7 The other products of the hydrolysis are a sulphonic acid and polymerides of diallyl. C. H. B. Pyrrolylene Tetrabromide. By G. CIAMICIAN (Ber., 20, 30613064). The author considers the explanation given by Grimaux and Cloëz (Abstr., 1887, 789) to be improbable. Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanogen Iodide. By E. v. MEYER (J. pr. Chem. [2], 36, 292–299). The author confirms Millon's statement that small quantities of hydrocyanic acid prevent the reduction of iodic acid by formic acid, and finds that the hydrocyanic acid causes the iodic acid to assume a passive state, since even when all the former acid has been expelled from the solution by boiling, a certain time elapses before the iodine begins to separate. On the other hand, hydrocyanic acid does not prevent, but only checks, the reduction of iodic acid by sulphurous acid, and a considerable quantity of the latter must be added before the separation of iodine commences. Hydrocyanic acid has no influence on the reduction of iodic acid by hydriodic acid. When a solution of iodine is added to hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen iodide and hydriodic acid are formed up to a certain point, after which the iodine is no longer acted on. These two products have a great tendency to reproduce hydrocyanic acid and iodine, but an excess of hydrocyanic acid prevents this inverse change taking place. Numerous experiments were made to find how much iodine must be added to a constant quantity of hydrocyanic acid in varying quantities of water before free iodine is present in the solution, and the tabulated results show that the amount of iodine used increases with dilution and with the temperature. Cyanogen iodide is completely decomposed by hydriodic acid and sulphurous acid, and these reactions may be employed for the estimation of cyanogen iodide volumetrically. Hydrogen sulphide, stannous chloride, and other reducing agents act in like manner, but towards oxidising agents cyanogen iodide is as stable as iodic acid. F. S. K. Oxidation of the Azulmic Matter obtained by the Electrolysis of Ammonia with Carbon Electrodes. By A. MILLOT (Bull. Soc. Chim., 48, 238-240).-The composition of the black residue. obtained by evaporating the liquid after electrolysis (Abstr., 1886, 979), then extracting with alcohol, and finally with water is-C, 35·5; H, 20; N, 363; 0, 26-2. It is not readily oxidised by sodium hypochlorite. 10 grams of the residue was dissolved in water and ammonia, the ammonia expelled by heating on the water-bath, and the gelatinous residue mixed with 50 c.c. of hydrogen peroxide capable of giving 3000 c.c. of oxygen. The mixture was heated on the water-bath for 10 or 12 hours and filtered. On cooling, ammelide is deposited, and on further concentration a second quantity of this compound is obtained. The mother-liquor is evaporated to dryness and extracted with alcohol, which when concentrated deposits crystals of cyanuric acid. The last extracts yield nacreous plates or rhomboïdal prisms of the hydrated acid resembling the modification which Liebig termed cyanilic acid. When this is dissolved in sulphuric acid and precipitated by adding water, it separates in the ordinary form. That portion of the products of oxidation which is insoluble in alcohol consists of ammonium sulphate, the sulphuric acid having been present as an impurity in the hydrogen peroxide. C. H. B. Sulphuranes. By E. BRAUN (Ber., 20, 2967–2970).—When ethyl sulphurane, EtS.C2H, S C2H3, is heated for many hours with excess of ethyl iodide at 100° and the product extracted with water, a crystalline compound is obtained which is either diethylvinylsulphurane or triethylsulphine iodide, whilst the portion insoluble. in water yields ethylene bisulphide on fractional distillation. The diethyl-derivative of ethylene mercaptan, Et S.C2H ̧•S•Et, when treated with ethyl iodide in like manner, is converted into a mixture of triethylsulphine iodide and ethylene bisulphide. W. P. W. Propane-derivatives. By C. WINSSINGER (Bull. Soc. Chim., 48, 108-112).—The product of the action of bromine on excess of propyl alcohol contains an alcohol which boils constantly at 87°, but has all the other properties of propyl alcohol. After dehydration by means of potassium carbonate, it boils at 92°. It is evident that a hydrate of primary propyl alcohol does actually exist. Propyl mercaptan and propyl sulphide boil at 67-68° and 141.5— 142.5° respectively, under a pressure of 772 mm. Cahours's number, 130-135°, for the boiling point of propyl sulphide was doubtless due to the presence of impurities, one of which was most probably the mercaptan formed in consequence of the partial decomposition of the potassium sulphide into hydrosulphide during the preparation of the derivative. This decomposition becomes much more marked with the higher members in the series. Orthopropylsulphonic acid is obtained by the action of nitric acid of sp. gr. 13 on propyl mercaptan. The reaction is violent, and the first products are nitrogen oxides and a red oil, probably ethyl thioethylsulphonate, which gradually dissolves as the effervescence ceases. Orthopropyl oxysulphide is obtained by the action of nitric acid. of sp. gr. 12 on propyl sulphide. It forms long, colourless, and odourless needles, which melt at 145-15°, cannot be distilled without decomposition, and dissolve in water, alcohol, and ether. It burns with a brilliant flame, and is easily reduced by ferrous chloride or by nascent hydrogen. When a solution of the oxysulphide and calcium nitrate is concentrated, it yields a fibrocrystalline compound, 4[2SOPr2, Ca(NO3)2] + Ca(NO3) 2, which melts at 80°, and shows the phenomena of supersaturation and superfusion in a very marked manner. To obtain diorthopropyl sulphone, it is necessary to use a warm concentrated solution of potassium permanganate as the oxidising agent. The sulphone crystallises in beautiful, transparent scales, soluble in water, but more soluble in alcohol and ether. It cannot be distilled without decomposition otherwise than in a current of steam. Monopropylphosphoric acid is contained in the dense viscous residue obtained in the preparation of propyl chloride by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on propyl alcohol. This residue also contains an |