Scientific Method: Its Philosophy and Its Practice

Blackie and Son, limited, 1919 - 426 pages

HUMANISM versus REALISM II WORDS AND THEIR ELUSIVENESS 1 Uncertainty in the Meaning of Words	1

The Method a Failure in Practice	7

Indefiniteness and Ambiguity	9

Translating from one Language to Another	10

Classes and General Terms	13

Connotation Generalization and Specialization	16

Definition	22

PHILOSOPHERS AND SOME OF THEIR PROBLEMS 1 Philosophy and its Subdivisions	24

CLASSIFICATION 1 General Notions	215

What Constitutes a Good Classification	216

Kinds and Types	217

Principles of Logical Division	219

Definition	222

ANALOGY	250

PROBABILITY	258

Bain	261

The Borderland between Philosophy and Science	25

Psychology Metaphysics and Logic	27

The Contrast of Subject and Object	29

The Different Schools of Philosophy	30

Hypothetical and Natural Dualism	33

a Substance	34

b Primary and Secondary Qualities	35

its Logical Consequences a Idealism	37

b Materialism	39

Conclusion	40

Authority and Reason	45

PLATO	59

CHAP	62

Platos Works	66

SCHOLASTICISM	87

DESCARTES	88

59	121

His Mathematics and Physics	122

The Ambiguities of Language	132

66	134

Innate Ideas	139

67	145

Other Views of Causation	151

Is Timesequence an Element of Causation?	159

THE FUNCTION OF LOGIC IN SOIENTIFIC METHOD	165

8888	171

INDUCTION Page 1 General Notions of Induction	178

The Guiding Principles of Bacon Newton and Herschel	180

Whewells Colhgation of Facts and Explication of Conceptions	181

Mills Views of Induction	183

How Mill Differs from Whewell	184

Jevonss Views	187

Professor Weltons Views	188

No Hardandfast Rules universally applicable	189

The Ground of Induction	190

SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT 1 Preliminary Notions	191

Varying the Circumstances	193

Observation	194

Experiment	196

Experiment not always Possible	198

Experimental Researches 1 By Newton	199

2 By Faraday	200

4 By Franklin	201

5 By Davy	202

MILLS CANONS 1 The Basis of the Canons	203

The Method of Difference	205

The Joint Method	207

The Method of Residues	208

The Method of Concomitant Variations	209

Plurality of Causes	211

Intermixture of Effects	212

Coincidences which are Casual	267

MEASUREMENT 1 Precise Measurement Fundamental in Science	271

Standards and Units	272

Empirical Formulæ	275

Rational Formulæ	279

Variation in Simple Proportion	282

Theory and Experimental Results	283

Discordance between Theory and Direct Measurement	284

ERROR AND ITS CORRECTION 1 Exact Measurement is virtually Impossible	285

The Assumptions made by Science	286

Elimination of Error	287

The Method of Means	289

The Law of Error	292

How the Law has been Arrived at	293

8 The Probable Error of Results	295

The Method of Least Squares	297

The Method of Curves	298

BOOK III	301

WHITE OF SELBORNE Some of his Observations	303

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Migration of Birds	305

DARWIN The Sensitiveness of Worms to Light	308

Page 1	311

7	313

HARVEY The Circulation of the Blood	314

WELLS	316

The Production of Dew	317

10	318

13	319

BLACK Fixed Air in Lime and in Alkalis	321

Fixed Air	326

GAYLUSSAC The Combination of Gaseous Substances	329

DAVY	332

Is there Oxygen in Oxymuriatic Acid ?	334

BOYLE The Ascent of Water in Siphons	337

NEWTON The Refrangibility of Light	342

24	347

FARADAY Electricity by Friction of Water and Steam against other Bodies	350

OTHER INVESTIGATORS AND WRITERS 1 Franklin	360

5 Lord Kelvin	361

8 Lord Rayleigh	362

25	363

11 Huxley	364

19 Wilhelm Ostwald	365

CHAP Page	369

INSTANCES OF INVESTIGATION ATTEMPTED BY PUPILS	382

27	395

30	400

35	401

SOLVING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSROOM	402

APPENDIX	413

Title	Scientific Method: Its Philosophy and Its Practice Scientific Method: Its Philosophy and Its Practice, Fredric William Westaway
Author	Frederic William Westaway
Edition	2
Publisher	Blackie and Son, limited, 1919
Original from	the New York Public Library
Digitized	29 Apr 2011
Length	426 pages

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