Elements of chemistry: theoretical and practical, Volume 1

Front Cover
 

Contents

The Condensing Syringe
41
Downward Pressure of the Atmosphere
47
Capillary Depression of Mercury
51
Extensive Operation of Capillary Actions
52
Influence of Surface on Adhesion
53
Measurement of Cohesion
54
Adhesion between Liquids
55
Diffusion of LiquidsMode of measuring
56
Laws of the Diffusion of Liquids
57
Endosmosis and Exosmosis
58
The OsmometerConditions of Osmose
59
Flow of Liquids through Capillary tubes
60
Adhesion of Gases to LiquidsSolubility of Gases
61
Adhesion of Gases to Solids 63 Desiccation of Gases 64 Diffusion of Gases
64
Effusion of Gases
65
Transpiration of Gases
66
Passage of Gases through Diaphragms
67
Separation of Bodies by Cold or Heat
68
Crystallization 69 Modes of obtaining Crystals
69
Separation of Salts by the process of Crystallization
70
Sudden CrystallizationNuclei
71
35
84
Influence of Light in producing Chemical Changes
85
Transparency and Opacity
91
Law of the Sines
97
Structure of CrystalsCleavage
103
Goniometers
105
The Reflecting Goniometer 78 Symmetry of Crystalline Form 79 Classification of Crystals
107
Interference
109
5458
113
Isomorphism
115
Chemical bearings of Isomorphism 82 Isomorphous Groups
118
Dimorphism
119
Allotropy
120
Electricity and Magnetism
123
Polarization by Reflection
131
AdhesionDiffusion of Liquids
137
Circumstances which modify Crystalline Form 73 Change of Bulk in the act of Solidification
138
101
141
102
142
103
144
Gulf Stream
148
Radiation of Heat
149
105
150
Absorption of Heat TABLE OF CONTENTS
151
Connexion between Absorption and Radiation
152
Formation of
153
107
154
109
155
Transmission of Heat through Screens
156
Refraction of Heat
157
Probable Independence of Light and Heat
158
Double Refraction and Polarization of Heat
159
115
166
117
167
119
168
PARAGRAPH
172
CHAPTER V
174
Specific Heat PAGE
175
ExpansionMeasurement of Tempera
180
Connexion of Electricity with Magnetism
184
Air Thermometers
188
The
190
Adhesion
191
Atmospheric ElectricityLightning rods
216
Aurora Borealis
217
PAGE
223
230287
230
Disappearance of Heat during Liquefaction
236
Freezing Mixtures
238
a Regelation of
241
Evolution of Heat During Solidification
242
Disappearance of Heat during the Formation of Vapour
243
Ebullition
244
Influence of Adhesion on the Boiling Point
246
168
247
Influence of Solids in Solution upon the Boiling Point 169 Influence of Pressure on the Boiling Point
248
Measurement of Heights by the Boiling Point
248
High Pressure Steam
248
Resemblances between Static and Voltaic Electricity
249
Production of Cold during Evaporation 173 Measurement of the Latent Heat of Vapours
253
330
265
Electrical Phenomena exhibited by the Torpedo
269
PAGE
280
287472
287
Simple Facts connected with Electricity
299
Electrical Induction
305
Distribution of the Electric Charge
312
Measures of Electricity
322
Disruptive Discharge
329
Galvanis Discovery 219 Simple Voltaic Circuits
344
the Crown of Cups 225 Electric Disturbance produced by Contact 226 Necessity of Chemical Action to produce Voltaic Action 227 Polarization and ...
353
Energy of the Current proportionate to the Chemical Activity
356
Protection of Ships Sheathing
357
Circuits with One Metal and Two Liquids 230 a General Summary
362
Economical Applications of Steam 236
375
238
380
Wheatstones Rheostat and Resistance Coils
385
242
388
ConductionConducting Power of Solids
389
243
395
244
397
246
403
247
404
248
407
249
408
250
410
252
413
253
415
255
417
Ampères Theory of ElectroMagnetism
419
Distillation 176 Evaporation
425
MagnetoElectricity
431
263
433
385
442
Daltons Law of the Tension of Vapours 178 Limit of Evaporation 265
444
267
449
Summary of Facts in ThermoElectricity
450
Circumstances which influence the Rate of Evaporation 180 Dew Point 268
452
271
454
Magnetism of Bodies in general
458
Influence of Structure on Diamagnetism
465
299
473
Cements
474
388
475
Page 89 9 lines from the top
477
Reduction of Temperature by the Electric Current
478
a Wet Bulb Hygrometer 274
481

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Page 179 - Temperature may be conceived to depend upon the velocities of the vibrations; increase of capacity on the motion being performed in greater space ; and the diminution of temperature during the conversion of solids into fluids or gases, may be explained on the idea of the loss of vibratory motion, in consequence of the revolution of particles round their axes, at the moment when the body becomes fluid or aeriform, or from the loss of rapidity of vibration in consequence of the motion of the particles...
Page 179 - It seems possible to account for all the phenomena of heat, if it be supposed that in solids the particles are in a constant state of vibratory motion, the particles of the hottest bodies moving with the greatest velocity...
Page 179 - ... and elastic fluids, besides the vibratory motion, which must be conceived greatest in the last, the particles have a motion round their own axes, with different velocities, the particles of elastic fluids moving with the greatest quickness ; and that in...
Page 50 - And why did the water rush into it?" Tom hesitated. "Was it not, think you, owing to the pressure of the atmosphere upon the surface of the water? When you raised the piston, the air above it was also. raised, and ultimately driven out by the force of the ascending piston; and since the air could not find any entrance from below as long as the point was under the water, the interior of the squirt would necessarily have remained quite...
Page 106 - The graduated circular plate should stand perpendicularly from the window, the pin x being horizontal, not in the direction of the axis, as it is usually figured, "but with the slit end nearest to the eye. " Place the crystal which is to be measured on the table, resting on one of the two planes whose inclination is required, and with the edge at which those planes meet, nearest and parallel to the window. " Attach a portion of wax, about the size of d, to one side of a small brass plate, e, fig.
Page 173 - Substances are said to be optically active when they produce rotation of the plane of polarisation of a ray of polarised light which passes through them. The rotation may be either to the right or to the left, according to the nature of the substance ; in the former case the substance is said to be dextro-rotatory ; in the latter, Izvo-rotatory.
Page 222 - ... bodies simultaneously give off both species. As the intensity of heating still further increases, rays of less and less length are given off, until they arrive at the limit of the perceptibility of the sense of vision, and only render their existence manifest by chemical and phosphorogenic effects. The following table exhibits some of the results which Melloni obtained by experimenting with different sources of heat and different substances : Relative absorbability of different kinds of heat...
Page 306 - He assumes that all particles of matter are more or less conductors; that in their quiescent state they are not arranged in a polarized form, but become so by the influence of contiguous and charged particles. They then assume a forced state, and tend to return, by a powerful tension, to their original normal position ; that being more or less conductors the particles charge either bodily or by polarity ; that contiguous particles can communicate their forces more or less readily one to the other....
Page 405 - To these laws may be added a sixth — viz. : — 6. Those bodies only are electrolytes which are composed of a conductor and a non-conductor. The conductors accumulate on the platinode, the non-conductors on the zincode. For example, iodide of lead when melted conducts the current ; metallic lead, which is a conductor, accumulates at the platinode ; whilst iodine, which is a non-conductor even when melted, collects at the zincode. On the other hand, red chloride of sulphur...
Page 33 - This result gives the weight of a bulk of water equal to that of the specimen, and by dividing the weight of the specimen in air by this number, the specific gravity is obtained.

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