The Law of Municipal Corporations, Volume 3

Front Cover
Callaghan and Company, 1928
 

Contents

CHAPTER 25
52
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS AND DECENCY VII MARKETS WEIGHTS AND MEASURES VIII MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS
55
GENERAL NATURE SOURCE SCOPE AND EXERCISE OF THE POLICE POWER 935 Source in state and nation
56
Nature and scope
58
Basis
65
Subjectsorbit
67
Same destruction of property
69
Samevalid contracts affected by its exercise
72
Sameeconomic matters
74
Samepublic welfare
76
Sameartistic and aesthetic purposes
80
Sameproperty values
83
Limitations
86
Sameprovince of the legislature and judiciary
87
Samefunction and attitude of courts
93
Exercise of the police power by municipal corporations
96
Same delegation by state
99
Samegeneral welfare clause
105
Sameeffect of decision of municipal authorities
110
Same within and without the corporate limits
113
General requisites of valid police ordinance
115
HEALTH AND SANITARY REGULATIONSNUISANCES 954 Power to make and enforce
119
What constitutes a nuisanceclassification
122
Municipal power to declare and define nuisances
128
1144
130
960
144
Slaughtering of animalsslaughter houses
158
967
167
971
175
975
188
1113
191
983
207
984
213
986
220
988
227
991
234
Samemotor bussesjitneystaxicabs
240
Soliciting business on streets and sidewalks
253
Impounding and selling animals at large
255
Regulation of dogs
260
Regulating the keeping of chickens
262
Regulating lumber yardsdiscrimination
263
Blasting
267
Same enumeration of regulations
270
Sameseparation of grade crossings
279
Steam engines on streets
280
BUILDING REGULATIONS 1015 Preliminaryorigin
281
General consideration
282
Nature ofenumeration
284
Character and requisites of valid regulationslimitations
290
Fire limitswooden buildings
294
Removal of buildings
299
Permits
300
Height of buildings
307
Regulation of theatersimposing police charge
311
Regulation of tenement houses etc
312
ZONING 1025 Method of treatment
313
a General consideration 1026 Meaning and purpose of zoning
314
Basis of control of private propertypolice power
316
Power to zone
318
Zoning laws
319
Samebasis for actionregard for private property rights
323
Discretion in establishing districts and in classification
325
Board to administer
328
Words and terms in zoning laws
330
Zoning ordinances
331
b Exclusive residential districts 1035 Benefits
336
Restrictions enumerated
338
Sameflats and apartmentsproperty values
342
Building line
345
Conforming new to residences erected
347
Questions outlined
348
Federal Constitution as test
350
Status of ownership of property and uses thereof
351
Effect of regulation on the property owner
352
Public protectionfire limits height and building lines
353
Public welfare
355
Aesthetic purposes
360
Board of adjustment
362
Present status of court decisions 1051 Standing of states
369
Decisions supporting zoning
371
Decisions adverse or doubtful
374
OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS AND DECENCY 1054 Lewd conductbawdy housesprostitution etc
375
Regulating the standing of stallions and bulls
379
Regulating moving picture and variety shows
381
Gambling gaming houses lotteries bowling alleys billiard halls etc
382
Regulating sale of intoxicating liquor
387
Public drunkenness
393
Obscene advertisements
394
Observance of the Sabbath
395
Regulating hours of business
398
MARKETSWEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1063 Marketsestablishment and regulation
400
Confining sales and purchases to public marketsforbidding private markets
407
Regulation of hucksteers hawkers etc
411
Protecting fruit and food on salescreening
414
Weights and measures
419
MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS 1069 Offenses affecting the public order and peace
423
Samecarrying concealed weapons
426
Cruelty to animals
427
Requiring ladies to remove hats at theaters etc
429
Regulation of various occupations
430
Pawnbrokers
435
Protection of private propertytrespassing
437
Limiting days work and regulating payment of laborerseighthour laws
438
Duty to care for the indigent and infirm
444
Spitting on sidewalk public conveyances theaters etc
445
Persons and property injured by vehiclesduties of the driver
446
CHAPTER 26
447
Mode of delegationhow power construed
451
Sameenumeration followed by general words
453
Power to regulate as power to license for revenue
455
Power to regulate as power to prohibit
458
Distinction between license to regulate and tax to raise revenue
459
License taxes distinguished from general taxes
463
License tax as a contract
465
Licensing power beyond corporate limits
466
License tax to be levied by ordinance
468
Delegation by municipality of power to license forbiddenuniform rule required
469
Sameconsent of property owners
474
Samepermit to parade streets
475
License fee or tax must be uniformdiscrimination
477
Reasonableness of amount of license
483
Elements of business as separate subjects of license tax
487
Application for licensegranting and refusing
489
Samehow far discretionaryjudicial control
491
Validity of licenseprotection
493
Revocation of license or permit
496
Recovery back of tax paid
499
SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF LICENSE 1110 Vehicles
500
Sameuse of streetsdouble taxation
502
Sameoccupationsnonresidents
504
1114
508
1125
521
1129
527
CHAPTER 27
535
Jurisdiction of local courts
542
II
550
Name in which action should be brought
559
Sufficiency of summons or warrant
566
Allegation of notice of ordinance unnecessaryjurisdiction
572
1148
580
Burden of proofnegative averment
644
No defense because prosecution under validated ordinance
648
Estoppel as a defense
649
When defendant estopped from pleading unreasonableness of ordinance
651
Defensesmiscellaneous
652
Defensesillustrative cases
653
THE JUDGMENT RECORD AND EXECUTION 1189 The verdict
658
The judgment
659
Record of conviction
664
Execution
666
REVIEW 1193 Right of review
668
Review by appeal
669
Sametime and method of taking
673
Sametrial de novo on appeal
675
Review by certiorari
681
Record on certiorari
685
Writ of error
688
Habeas corpus
689
Injunction
692
Prohibition
693
Sufficiency of record for review
694
CHAPTER 28
703
Samestreets
704
Sameproperty mortgaged
706
Samepower to purchase at judicial and tax sales
707
Samereal property beyond corporate limits
708
Sameimplied power to purchase engines etc to prevent and suppress fires
711
Sameconsideration and conditions
713
Title to land under water and rights as riparian owner
714
Purposes for which property may be acquired
715
Sameillustrations of corporate purposes
717
Power to acquire erect or repair buildings
720
Samepower to erect convention and assembly halls
723
Samegifts and bequests
726
Sameappraisement or vote as condition precedent
727
Samewho may act in behalf of municipality in acquiring title
728
Joint tenancy or tenancy in common
729
Who may question purchase by municipality
730
Buildings of municipality as within police power
732
HOLDING PROPERTY AS TRUSTEE 1230 Municipal capacity to hold property in trust and to administer trusts
733
Purpose of trust as a corporate purpose in general
735
Trusts for benefit of the poor
737
Trust for hospitals
738
Trust for library
739
Trust for religious purposes
742
Trust for patriotic purposes
743
Trust to loan money
744
Want of capacity or failure to act as trustee
746
PLEDGE MORTGAGE SALE LEASE OR OTHER DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY 1242 Right to dispose of property in general
747
Sameproperty devoted to public use
751
Sameproperty donated for specific purposes
758
Implied power to mortgage or pledge property
759
Power to transfer donate or dedicate property for particular uses
764
Procedure to sell conditions precedent and conveyance
765
Sameadvertising sale
769
Presumptions in favor of conveyance
770
Effect of want of power to transfer municipal property
771
Definitions and control over
772
Power to acquire and establish parks
773
Use and control subject to restrictions in grant
774
Management regulation of permits and leases
777
Sameregulation of use of park
780
ADVERSE POSSESSION ESTOPPEL AND LIENS AGAINST 1260 Loss of title to corporate property by adverse possession
784
Estoppel to assert title
785
Property as exempt from execution
787
Mechanics liens against corporate property
789
Property as subject to taxation
791
CHAPTER 29
793
VALIDITY DURATION RATIFICATION AND ESTOPPEL V IMPLIED CONTRACTS VI CONSTRUCTION OPERATION TERMINATION AND ...
795
REMEDIES I INTRODUCTORY 1265 Scope of chapter
796
The four essentials in considering validity
797
Ordinance as contract
800
Notice imputed to one contracting with municipality
801
PAGE
802
CREATION 1269 Power to make contracts
804
Samecontracts prohibited
811
Samecontracts limiting legislative power
813
Samecontract to perform public duty
814
Sameincurring indebtedness beyond debt limit
815
Power to contract for legal services
821
Samecontracts for extra legal services
824
Samecontingent fee
826
Sameinterest of the municipality
827
Who may act in behalf of municipality
829
Sameeffect where contract made by wrong officer or board
833
Mode of executing form and contents
836
appropriations etc
845
Same effect of irregularity in entering into contract or in form of contract
848
Compelling municipality to enter into contract
855
COMPETITIVE BIDS 1285 Scope of subdivision and general considerations
856
Purpose of requiring bids
858
Requirement for competitive bidding as mandatory
859
Samenecessity for competitive bids where not required by statute charter or ordinance
862
Sameconstruction of particular statutes or charter provisions
863
Same as dependent on the amount involved
865
Samewhere subject matter of contract controlled by a monopoly
866
Same statutory or charter authority to dispense with bids in certain cases
867
Sameemergency as exception to the rule
868
Samenecessity for bids after work abandoned by contractor
869
Samenecessity for bids for extra work
870
Samerule in New York City
876
Request for bids must invite and not restrict competition
877
Samefixing wages to be paid
878
Samerequiring work to be done within the state
879
Samelimiting articles or materials to those coming from certain place or made by certain manufacturer
881
Sameeffect of restrictions on bidding as relating to time when attacked
883
Specifications calling for invalid contract or containing unauthorized provisions
884
Same when details are impossible except to a limited extent
888
Same where amount of material required or work to be done is in definite
889
Samespecifying alternative materials or work
890
Samerequiring specifications to be furnished by bidder
891
Samereference to and aider by plans and specifications on file
892
Publication and posting of the advertisementmode and sufficiency
893
Samelength of publication or posting where no time fixed
896
Samepresumptions and proof of publication
897
Change of specifications
898
1325
904
1331
911
1332
920
1340
926
Samecertiorari
932
1349
939
Duration of contract
947
Ratification and estoppel
957
Sameratification of contract in which municipal officer interested
966
Same ratification by legislative curative acts
972
Right to recover on implied contract
973
Samecontract beyond scope of power
978
Same contracts between officer and municipality
979
Samemere use of property or rendition of services without any express contract
980
Sameliability after expiration of term of former contract
981
Performance or breach
988
Rescission of contract
990
Resort to courts to set aside contract
993
Modification of contract
994
Assignment of contract
995
REMEDIES 1376 Remedies where contract invalid or violated
996
Recovery of money illegally paid on invalid contracts
999
Right of contractor to set up invalidity as defense
1000
Restoration of benefits when relief of equity is sought
1002
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Page 321 - For the purpose of promoting health, safety, morals, or the general welfare of the community, the legislative body of cities and incorporated villages is hereby empowered to regulate and restrict the height, number of stories, and size of buildings and other structures, the percentage of lot that may be occupied, the size of yards, courts, and other open spaces, the density of population, and the location and use of buildings, structures, and land for trade, industry, residence, or other purposes.
Page 321 - However, no such regulation, restriction or boundary shall become effective until after a public hearing, in relation thereto, at which parties in interest, and citizens, shall have an opportunity to be heard. At least fifteen days...
Page 322 - Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic, and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks, and other public requirements.
Page 327 - In order to avail itself of the powers conferred by this Act, such legislative body shall appoint a commission, to be known as the zoning commission, to recommend the boundaries of the various original districts and appropriate regulations to be enforced therein. Such commission shall make a preliminary report and hold public hearings thereon before submitting its final report, and such legislative body shall not hold its public hearings or take action until it has received the final report of such...
Page 90 - The courts are not bound by mere forms, nor are they to be misled by mere pretenses. They are at liberty, — indeed, are under a solemn duty, — to look at the substance of things, whenever they enter upon the inquiry whether the legislature has transcended the limits of its authority.
Page 321 - For any or all of said purposes the local legislative body may divide the municipality into districts of such number, shape, and area as may be deemed best suited to carry out the purposes of this act; and within such districts it may regulate and restrict the erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair, or use of buildings, structures, or land. All such regulations shall be uniform for each class or kind of building throughout each district, but the regulations in one district may...
Page 321 - Such regulations, restrictions and boundaries may from time to time be amended, supplemented, changed, modified or repealed. In case, however, of a protest against such change signed by the owners of twenty per...
Page 357 - The protection of private property in the Fifth Amendment presupposes that it is wanted for public use, but provides that it shall not be taken for such use without compensation.
Page 612 - ... a combination of two or more persons by some concerted action to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish some purpose not In itself criminal or unlawful by criminal or unlawful means.
Page 357 - When this seemingly absolute protection is found to be qualified by the police power, the natural tendency of human nature is to extend the qualification more and more until at last private property disappears. But that cannot be accomplished in this way under the Constitution of the United States.

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