On the Connection of the Physical Sciences - Mary Somerville - Google Books

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Attraction of a Sphere-Form of Celestial Bén-Imri aras

retains the Mion in her Orian-The Hermesls BotA ITA 1

Sections-Gravitation proportsical to Min-Gromann & the Parit

of Matter-Figure of the Planets-How a ferra

Satellites-Ramon and Translate

Motion of the San and Socar System

pressed or the same in.

Elliptical Motion-Mean and Tre Mon-Eminergi

Boxes-Mean and True Longitude-Eqton & Cerami

the Orbits of Planets-Celestial Lantate Notes Ener's

-Undisturbed or Elliptical Crmers-Great locatia ë the C

the new Planets-Universal Grantatin the Cause of kamina

the Motions of the Heavenly Bodies-Procien of the Time Bou**

Stability of Solar System depends upon the Fame Hamentin if

Perturbations. Periode and Commalar-Disturbing Arm

three Partial Forces-Tangential Force the Case of the Pa

qualities in Longitude, and Secular Inequalines in the Firm wat Perana

of the Orest in its own Place-Radial Furce the Case 2 Tank

the Planet's Distance from the ST-it sabnes v

Force to produce the Secular Variations in the Form at PMOLOG

Orbit in its own Plane-Perzeniesiar Fore the Care of Penne Pete

turbations in Latitude, and Semlar Varanous a the Position

Orbit with regard to the Planse of the Enlisto-Wear Won and

Axis Invariable-Stability of System-Efects of a Rearing Med

Invariable Plane of the Solar System and of the Caverse Go

quality of Jupiter and Saturn

Theory of Jupiter's Satelites-Efects of the Fire of Jan

Satellites-Pisition of their Omits-Singar Laws among the Motorg

of the first three Satellites-Eclipses of the Satellite Teses ZZZ

-Aberration-Ethereal Medium-Satellites of Saturn and Draais

Lunar Theory-Periodic Perturbations of the Moon-Equation of Center-

Evection-Variation-Annual Equation-Direct and Indirect Action of

Planets-The Moon's Action on the Earth disturbs her own Motion-

Eccentricity and Inclination of Lunar Orbit Invariable-Acceleration-

Secular Variation in Nodes and Perigee-Motion of Nodes and Perigee

inseparably connected with the Acceleration-Nutation of Lunar Orbit

-Form and Internal Structure of the Earth determined from it—Lunar,

Solar, and Planetary Eclipses-Occultations and Lunar Distances-Mean

Distance of the Sun from the Earth obtained from Lunar Theory-Abso-

lute Distances of the Planets, how found
Page 33

Form of the Earth and Planets-Figure of a Homogeneous Spheroid in

Rotation-Figure of a Spheroid of Variable Density-Figure of the

Earth, supposing it to be an Ellipsoid of Revolution-Mensuration of a

Degree of the Meridian-Compression and Size of the Earth from

Degrees of Meridian-Figure of Earth from the Pendulum

Parallax-Lunar Parallax found from direct Observation-Solar Parallax

deduced from the Transit of Venus-Distance of the Sun from the

Earth-Annual Parallax-Distance of the Fixed Stars

Masses of Planets that have no Satellites determined from their Perturba-

tions-Masses of the others obtained from the Motions of their Satellites

-Masses of the Sun, the Earth, of Jupiter, and of the Jovial System-

Mass of the Moon-Real Diameters of Planets, how obtained-Size of

Sun-Densities of the Heavenly Bodies-Formation of Astronomical

Tables-Requisite Data and Means of obtaining them.

Rotation of the Sun and Planets-Saturn's Rings-Periods of the Rotation

of the Moon and other Satellites equal to the Periods of their Revolu

tions-Form of Lunar Spheroid-Libration, Aspect, and Constitution of

the Moon-Rotation of Jupiter's Satellites

Rotation of the Earth invariable-Decrease in the Earth's Mean Tempera-

ture-Earth originally in a State of Fusion-Length of Day constant-

Decrease of Temperature ascribed by Sir John Herschel to the Variation

in the Eccentricity of the Terrestrial Orbit-Difference in the Tempera-

ture of the Two Hemispheres, erroneously ascribed to the Excess in the

Length of Spring and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere; attributed

by Mr. Lyell to the Operation of existing Causes-Three Principal Axes

of Rotation-Position of the Axis of Rotation on the Surface of the Earth

invariable-Ocean not sufficient to restore the Equilibrium of the Earth

if deranged-Its Density and Mean Depth-Internal Structure of the

Precession and Nutation-Their Effects on the Apparent Places of the

Mean and Apparent Sidereal Time-Mean and Apparent Solar Time-

Equation of Time-English and French Subdivisions of Time-Leap

Year-Christian Era-Equinoctial Time-Remarkable Eras depending

upon the Position of the Solar Perigee-Inequality of the Lengths of

the Seasons in the two Hemispheres-Application of Astronomy to Chro-

nology-English and French Standards of Weights and Measures

Tides-Forces that produce them-Three kinds of Oscillations in the Ocean

-The Semidiurnal Tides-Equinoctial Tides-Effects of the Declina-

tion of the Sun and Moon-Theory insufficient without Observation-

Direction of the Tidal Wave-Height of Tides-Mass of Moon obtained

from her Action on the Tides-Interference of Undulations-Impossi-

bility of a Universal Inundation-Currents

Repulsive Force-Interstices or Pores-Elasticity-Mossotti's Theory-

Gravitation brought under the same law with Molecular Attraction and

Repulsion-Gases reduced to Liquids by Pressure-Intensity of the Co-

hesive Force-Effects of Gravitation-Effects of Cohesion-Minuteness

of the ultimate Atoms of Matter-Limited Height of the Atmosphere-

Theory of Definite Proportions and Relative Weight of Atoms-Dr. Far-

aday's Discoveries with regard to Affinity-Composition of Water by a

Plate of Platina-Crystalization-Cleavage-Isomorphism-Matter con-

sists of Atoms of Definite Form-Capillary Attraction

Analysis of the Atmosphere-Its Pressure-Law of Decrease in Density-

Law of Decrease in Temperature-Measurement of Heights by the

Barometer-Extent of the Atmosphere-Barometrical Variations-Oscil-

lations-Trade Winds-Monsoons-Rotation of Winds-Laws of Hur-

ricanes-Water-Spouts

Sound-Propagation of Sound illustrated by a Field of Standing Corn-

Nature of Waves-Propagation of Sound through the Atmosphere-

Intensity-Noises - A Musical Sound - Quality - Pitch-Extent of

Human Hearing--Velocity of Sound in Air, Water, and Solids-Causes

of the Obstruction of Sound-Law of its Intensity-Reflection of Sound

-Echoes-Thunder-Refraction of Sound-Interference of Sounds 122

Vibration of Musical Strings-Harmonic Sounds-Nodes-Vibration of Air

in Wind Instruments-Vibration of Solids-Vibrating Plates-Bells-

Harmony-Sounding Boards-Forced Vibrations-Resonance-Speaking

Refraction-Astronomical Refraction and its Laws-Formation of Tables of

Refraction-Terrestrial Refraction-Its Quantity-Instances of Extraor-

dinary Refraction-Reflection-Instances of Extraordinary Reflection-

Loss of Light by the Absorbing Power of the Atmosphere-Apparent

Magnitude of Sun and Moon in the Horizon
Page 147

Constitution of Light according to Sir Isaac Newton-Absorption of Light

-Colors of Bodies-Constitution of Light according to Sir David Brew-

ster-New Colors in the Solar Spectrum-Fraunhofer's Dark Lines-

Dispersion of Light-The Achromatic Telescope-Homogeneous Light-

Accidental and Complementary Colors-M. Plateau's Experiments and

Theory of Accidental Colors

Interference of Light-Undulatory Theory of Light-Propagation of Light

-Newton's Rings-Measurement of the Length of the Waves of Light,

and of the Frequency of the Vibrations of Ether for each Color-New-

ton's Scale of Colors-Diffraction of Light-Sir John Herschel's Theory

of the Absorption of Light-Refraction and Reflection of Light

Polarization of Light-Defined-Polarization by Refraction-Properties of

the Tourmaline-Double Refraction-All doubly Refracted Light is

Polarized--Properties of Iceland Spar-Tourmaline absorbs one of the

two Refracted Rays-Undulations of Natural Light-Undulations of

Polarized Light-The Optic Axes of Crystals-M. Fresnel's Discoveries

on the Rays passing along the Optic Axis-Polarization by Reflection 172

Phenomena exhibited by the passage of Polarized Light through Mica and

Sulphate of Lime-The Colored Images produced by Polarized Light

passing through Crystals having one and two Optic Axes-Circular

Polarization-Elliptical Polarization-Discoveries of MM. Biot, Fresnel,

and Professor Airy-Colored Images produced by the Interference of

Objections to the Undulatory Theory, from a Difference in the Action of

Sound and Light under the same circumstances, removed-The Disper-

sion of Light according to the Undulatory Theory

Chemical or Photographic Rays of the Solar Spectrum-Messrs. Scheele,

Ritter, and Wollaston's Discoveries-Mr. Wedgewood and Sir Humphry

Davy's Photographic Pictures-The Calotype-The Daguerreotype-

The Chromatype-The Cyanotype--Sir John Herschel's Discoveries in

the Photographic or Chemical Spectrum-Mons. E. Becquerel's Discovery

of Inactive Lines in the Chemical Spectrum

Heat-Calorific Rays of the Solar Spectrum-Experiments of MM. De

Laroche and Melloni on the Transmission of Heat-The Point of greatest

Heat in the Solar Spectrum varies with the Substance of the Prism-

Polarization of Heat-Circular Polarization of Heat-Transmission of the

Chemical Rays-Absorption of Heat-Radiation of Heat-Dew-Hoar

Frost-Rain-Hail-Combustion-Dilatation of Bodies by Heat-Propa-

gation of Heat-Latent Heat-- Heat presumed to consist of the Undula-

tions of an Elastic Medium-Parathermic Rays-Moser's Discoveries

Atmosphere of the Planets and the Moon-Constitution of the Sun-Esti-

mation of the Sun's Light-His Influence on the different Planets-

Temperature of Space-Internal Heat of the Earth-Zone of Constant

Temperature-Heat increases with the Depth-Heat in Mines and

Wells-Thermal Springs-Central Heat-Volcanic Action-The Heat

above the Zone of Constant Temperature entirely from the Sun-The

Quantity of Heat annually received from the Sun-Isogeothermal Lines

-Distribution of Heat on the Earth-Climate-Line of Perpetual Con-

gelation-Causes affecting Climate-Isothermal Lines-Excessive Cli-

mates-The same Quantity of Heat annually received and radiated by

Influence of Temperature on Vegetation-Vegetation varies with the Lati-

tude and Height above the Sea-Geographical Distribution of Land

Plants-Distribution of Marine Plants-Corallines, Shell-fish, Reptiles,

Insects, Birds, and Quadrupeds-Varieties of Mankind, yet Identity of

SECTION XXVIII.

Of ordinary Electricity, generally called Electricity of Tension-Methods

of exciting Bodies-Transference-Electrics and Non-Electrics-Law of

its Intensity-Distribution-Tension-Electric Heat and Light-Atmos-

pheric Electricity-Its Cause-Electric Clouds-Back Stroke-Violent

Effects of Lightning-Its Velocity-Phosphorescence-Phosphorescent

Action of Solar Spectrum-Aurora

Voltaic Electricity-The Voltaic Battery-Intensity-Quantity-Compari-

son of the Electricity of Tension with Electricity in Motion-Luminous

Effects-Decomposition of Water-Formation of Crystals by Voltaic

Electricity-Electrical Fish
290

Terrestrial Magnetism-Magnetic Poles-Lines of equal and no Variation

-The Dip-The Magnetic Equator-Magnetic Intensity-Secular, peri-

odic, and transitory Variations in the Magnetic Phenomena-Origin of

the Mariner's Compass-Natural Magnets-Artificial Magnets-Polarity

-Induction-Intensity-Hypothesis of two Magnetic Fluids-Distribu-

tion of the Magnetic Fluid-Analogy between Magnetism and Elec-

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