Lumba'go (Lat.), in pathology, pain in the loins; a rheumatic affection of the muscles about the loins.

Lum'brical (Lat. worm-like), in anatomy, applied to small muscles in the hands and feet.

Luna Cornea (Lat.), in chemistry, a muriate of silver.

Lunar (Lat. lunaris), orbed like the moon.-Lunar cycle, in astronomy, is the period of time after which the new moons return on the same days of the year (Brande).-Lunar observation is an observation of the moon's distance from a star, for the purposes of finding the longitude. Lunar rainbow is a rainbow occasioned by the reflection of the light of the moon. - Lunar theory, the deduction of the motion of a planet from the law of gravitation.-Lunar year is the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34 seconds.Lunar month is the time in which the moon completes a revolution about the earth; the synodic month. Luna'tion (Lat.), in astronomy, the time from one new moon to another.

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Lunette (Fr. from Lat. luna), in fortification, a small half-moon, or work similar to a ravelin. In architecture, an aperture for the admission of light. In optics, a kind of glasses. Luniso'lar (Lat.), combining the motions or revolutions of the sun and moon. A lunisolar period is that after which the eclipses again return in the same order; a term applied to a period of 532 years, which is found by multiplying the cycle of the sun by that of the moon.

Lu'nistice (Lat. luna the moon, and sto to stand), in astronomy, the furthest point of the moon's northing or southing.

Lu'nula (Lat. a little moon), in physiology, a term applied to that portion of the human nail near the root which is whiter than the rest.

Lupuline, the bitter and active principle contained in the hop.

Lupus (Lat. a wolf), in pathology, a virulent disease characterized by its tendency to destructive ulceration of the parts it attacks.

Lute, Luting (Lat. lutum), in chemistry, a sort of paste or clay with which chemists close up their vessels, and used especially for connecting retorts and receivers, so as to prevent the escape either of the vapour or gases

generated during distillation or sublimation.

Lute'tia (Lat. Paris), in astronomy, the name of one of the newly-discovered planets, first observed by (Goldschmidt in 1854; its mean distance from the sun is 232,240,000 miles, and the time of its periodical revolution 3 years and 292 days. Luthern, in architecture, a sort of window over the cornice in the inclined plane of the roof of a building. Luxa'tion (Lat.), in pathology, dislocation or displacement of the articular extremities of the bones, resulting from the infliction of external violence, or destruction of the cartilages or articular ligaments by inflammation.

Lycan'thropy (Gr. lykos a wolf, and anthropos a man), a kind of madness in which men howl like wolves. Lyce'um (Lat. from Gr. lykeion), a literary seminary; an association for lectures on science or literature. Lycodon'tes (Gr. lykos, and odontes teeth), in geology, a name given to certain fossil teeth, supposed to be those of a kind of wolf-fish.

Lycopodia'ceæ (Gr. lykos, and podes feet), in botany, a nat. order of Acrogens, consisting of moss-like plants, of which Lycopodium, or Club-moss, is the type.

Lye, in chemistry, a solution of alkali in water, particularly applied to dissolved potash.

Lyenceph'ala (Gr. lyo to loosen, and enkephale the brain), in physics, a term applied to the lowest group of Mammalia.

Lymph (Lat. a stream), in anatomy, a transparent, colourless liquid, which, after its removal from the body, separates into a clear fluid.-Lymphatic is an absorbent vessel which carries lymph from all parts of the body. Lympheurism, a morbid dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.Lymphography, a treatise on the lymphatic vessels.

Lyra (Lat.), in astronomy, a northern constellation, the Lyre, surrounded by Cygnus, Aquila, Hercules, and the head of Draco.

Lyssa (Gr.), in pathology, canine mad.

ness.

Lyte'rian, indicating the solution or
termination of a disease.
Lythraceæ, a nat. order of saxafragal
Exogens, of which the Lythrum, or
Purple Loosestrife, is the type.

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The letter M is in frequent use as an initial for various terms in science, literature, and art. In astronomy, it stands for meridiem, or mid-day; hence A.M., ante meridiem (morning), and P.M., post meridiem (afternoon). In medical prescriptions, M. stands for misce (mix), or mixtura (a mixture).-A.M. or M.A. stands for artium magister, master of arts; M.D. for medicinæ doctor, doctor of medicine; A.M. for anno mundi, in the year of the world; MS. for manuscript. As a numeral, M stands for a thousand; and, with a dash over it, for a million.

Macad'amizing, an improved system of paving with small broken stones that bind with the earth, and form a solid, smooth mass; first introduced by Mr. Macadam.

Macera'tion (Lat.), in chemistry, the art of softening and dissolving away by steeping in a fluid.

Machic'olated (Fr. from Gr. machomai to fight), in architecture, having parapets projecting beyond the faces of the walls, and supported by arches. -Machicolation is an opening or aperture in the parapet of a fortified building.

Mach'icoulis (Gr.), in fortification, a projecting balcony or parapet, with holes for firing through.

Machine (Fr. from Lat. machina), in mechanical science, any invention or work in which one part contributes to the motion of another.-Machinery is a combination of mechanical powers, so constructed as to regulate force and motion; a term applied to machines in general.

Macig'no (Ital.), in mineralogy, a hard, siliceous sandstone.

Mack'erel Gale, in navigation, a strong breeze. Mackerel sky, a sky streaked or marked like a mackerel.

Macle, a mineral found in prismatic crystals.

Maclure'ite, a mineral of a yellowish colour and vitreous lustre. Macro (Gr. makros large), a prefix to numerous scientific words, signifiying largeness.

Macrocephalus (Gr. large-headed), in botany, applied to embryos of which the two cotyledons grow together. Macrocercine (Gr. makros, and kerkos a curve, in allusion to the upper mandible), a sub-family of the Psittacidæ, or Parrots, distinguished for the gaudiness of their plumage, of

which the Macrocercus, or Macaw, is the type and genus. Macrocosm (Gr. makros, and kosmos world), the great or whole world, or visible system.

Macrodactyli (Gr. long-fingered), a family of birds furnished with very long toes.

Macrodiag'onal (Gr.), the longer of the diagonals of a rhombic prism. Macrom'eter (Gr.), an instrument for measuring the distance of inaccessible bodies by means of two reflec

tors.

Macrop'nea (Gr.), in pathology, that state of the breathing in which the respiration is deep.

Hacropodous (Gr. makros, and podes feet), applied to a family of crustacean invertebrate animals. Macrotrach'ia (Gr. large-throated), in conchology, a tribe of the order Dythra, or bivalve shells; it comprehends the families Pholidæ, Myadæ, Tellinidæ, Chamidæ, and Saxicavidæ.

Macrou'rans (Gr. long-tailed), a family of Decapods, the Long-tailed Crustaceans, including the Lobster and all of the same kind.

Mac'ule (Lat.), in pathology, spotted discolorations on the surface of the body. In astronomy, dark spots on the surfaces of the sun, moon, and some of the planets.

Mad'repores (Fr. madre spotted, and Lat. pora a pore), a general name for Corals with star-shaped cavities. Mad'reporite, in mineralogy, a species of columnar carbonate of lime. Maestoso (Ital.), in music, a term denoting that the passage is to be played with majesty and strength. Mae'stricht Beds, in geology, the uppermost group of the cretaceous or chalk formation, as it occurs near Maestricht.

Magdeburgh Hemispheres, in physicology, an apparatus for illustrating atmospheric pressure, consisting of two hollow brass hemispheres fitted together, which, after the withdrawal of the air, cannot be separated. Magellan'ic Clouds (from Magellan, the circumnavigator), in astronomy, those conspicuous nebulæ of stars seen in the southern hemisphere, two of them about 12° or 13o from the south pole, and the third more distant.

Magic (from the ancient Magi), the art of producing wonderful effects through the supposed agency of supernatural beings, though the means formerly adopted are now familiar to the votaries of science.

Magic Lantern, an optical instrument, by means of which small painted figures are magnified at pleasure on the walls of a dark room.

Magistral, in military science, the tracing or guiding line in fortification, the first laid down in the work or or paper, and from which the position of all the other works is determined. In field fortification, the crest line of the parapet is the magistral; in permanent fortification, the cordon, or coping of the gudie-line, is the guide.-Milit. Cycl.

Magma (Lat.), a crude mixture of mineral or organic matters in a thin, pasty state.

Magne'sia (Gr.), a white, earthy substance used in medicine, and obtained by exposing its hydrated carbonate to a red heat. Magnesium is the metallic base of magnesia.-Magnesite is the carbonate of magnesia.Magnesia alum is a mineral of a snow-white colour and shining lustre, found at Cape Verd, and consisting of sulphates of alumina, magnesia, and manganese, chloride of potassium, and water.-Magnesian limestone, in geology, consists of a series of beds occurring in some places above the coal measures.-Magnesian pharmacolite is a mineral of a dirty-white or honey-yellow colour, consisting of arsenic acid, lime, magnesia, protoxide of manganese, and iron: sp. gr. 2'52; Η = 6-7.

Magnet (from Magnesia, in Asia Minor, where first observed), the loadstone. -In mineralogy, one of the oxides of iron, which attracts iron, and possesses the property of pointing itself in a certain direction, and also of communicating this property to iron and steel bars. Magnets are of two kinds, natural and artificial; the latter are known as bar magnets and horse-shoe magnets. If of a single bar, it is a single magnet; if of several joined together, a compound magnet. Two points at or near the ends are called the poles, and the whole power of the magnet seems concentrated in these points; one is called the north pole, and the other the south pole.

Magnetic Battery, a battery formed of several magnets, with all their poles similarly disposed.-Magnetic equator is a line round the earth, everywhere equally distant from both magnetic poles; and here the magnetic needle does not dip, but stands horizontal, being equally attracted to both the terrestrial magnetic poles.-Mag

netic dip is a property of the magnetic needle of inclining one of its poles towards the earth. It differs in different latitudes. The dip at London is about 69° 12'; over the magnetic poles the dip is 90°; at a line around the earth, forming an equator to these poles, there is no dip. - Magnetic declination, synonymous with the variation of the compass, which indicates the deviation of the magnetic needle from the true geographical meridian.-Magnetic needle, a small artificial magnet balanced on its centre, so that it may direct itself as influenced by terrestrial magnetism. -Magnetic induction is the power which a magnet has of communicating the qualities which it possesses to bars of iron or steel placed near it, although not in contact -Magnetic poles are two points of the earth to which the poles of an artificial magnet always tend that in the northern hemisphere is called the north pole, and the antipode to this is called the south pole. The north pole is situated in the north-eastern part of Hudson's Bay, at about 80° west longitude and 60o north latitude. Mag'netism (Fr.), the science which investigates the phenomena presented by natural and artificial magnets.Terrestrial magnetism, that property of the earth from which the magnetism of the ordinary magnets, the direction of the magnetic needle, and other phenomena are derived, and upon which they necessarily depend.

Magne'to-electric'ity, that branch of natural philosophy established on the fact that magnetism and electricity have certain principles in common. Magnetom'eter (Gr.), an instrument to ascertain the force of magnetism. Magne'to-motor, a voltaic series of two or more large plates, employed to exhibit electro-magnetic phenomena. Magnolia'cese (from M. Magnol, of Montpelier), in botany, a nat. order of exogenous plants, of which the Magnolia, a highly-ornamental tree,

is the type and genus. Maia, the name of one of the newlydiscovered planets, first observed by Tuttle in 1861.

Main (Sax. magn), in nautical science, a prefix to various terms; as, Mainboom, the spar of a small vessel on which the mainsail is extended;Mainsail, the sail of the mainmast; -Main-sheet, the rope attached to the lower corner of the mainsail;Mainyard, the yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast; -Mainmast, the principal mast in a ship; -Main-tackle, a large strong tackle, hooked occasionally upon the main pendant, and used for various purposes, particularly in securing the mast, by setting up the rigging, stays, &c. ;-Maintop, the top of the mainmast of a ship or brig.

Major (Lat. greater), in logic, the first proposition of a syllogism. In military matters, a field officer next in rank above a captain and below a lieutenant-colonel.

Major-general, a military officer next to a lieutenant-general. Malacca Bean, in botany, the fruit of the Anacardium Indicum or orientale. It resembles the Cashew nut. -Malacca-root, the root of the Sagittaria alexipharmaca, or Arundo Indica, a West Indian plant.

Malachite, in mineralogy, native carbonate of copper, either blue or green.-Green malachite occurs in mammillary masses, consisting of concentric layers. Blue malachite is found both in crystals and as an incrustation.

Mal'aco- (Gr. malakos), a prefix in compound words, signifying softness. Mal'acolite, a variety of green augite. Malacology (Gr. malakos, and logos a discourse), the natural history of molluscous animals, or of shells and shell-fish.

Malacopteryg'ii (Gr. soft-finned), the second great division of osseous fishes, the species of which are distinguished by all the rays of the fins being soft and cartilaginous. It consists of three sections-the Abdominales, Sub-brachiales, and Apodes. -Malacopterygious, applied to fishes with soft fins.

Malacos'teon (Gr.), in pathology, softness of bones.

Malacostraca (Gr. malakos, and ostrakon a shell), the first section of the Crustacea, according to Cuvier's arrangement, containing the five orders, Decapoda, Stomapoda, Læmopoda, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. -Malacostracous, pertaining to Malacostraca. -Malacostracology, the science of Crustacea.

Mala'ria (Ital.), an exhalation from marshy districts; a noxious exhalation.

Malate (Lat. malum an apple), a salt from malic acid with a base. Malda'nian, in zoology, a family of sedentary Annelids.

Malesherbia'cese (from M. Malesherbes, of Paris), in botany, a nat. order of exogenous plants, of which the Malesherbia is the type.

Mallea'ceæ, in conchology, a family of Mollusca, which comprehends

a

variety of genera; as the Posidonia, Crenatula, Perna, Malleus, Gervillia, Cotillus, and Avicula. Mal'leoli (Lat.), in military science, bundles of wood, made of combustible materials, for setting on fire at night, to discover the position of an enemy. Maltha (Gr.), in mineralogy, a soft glutinous substance which smells like pitch; mineral pitch. Malva'ceæ (Lat. malva), in botany, a nat. order of exogenous plants, of which the Malva, or Mallow tree, is the genus.

Mammalia (Lat. mamma a teat or breast of a female), in zoology, the first grand division of vertebrated animals which suckle their young.Mammalogy is the science of mammiferous animals.

Mammoth, a fossil elephant of immense size, the bones of one of which were discovered buried in ice in the north of Russia.

Man, pl. Men (Sax.), in zoology and natural history, the great epitome of all science and art; the sole specific example of the only genus Homo, as contained in Cuvier's order Bimana. The great naturalist, Blumenbach, divides this species into five varieties. -1. The Caucasian variety, which includes all the ancient and modern Europeans, except the Fins; the former and present inhabitants of Western Asia, as far as the River Oby, the Caspian Sea, and the Ganges (that is, the Assyrians, Medes, and Chaldeans; the Sarmatians, Scythians, and Parthians; the Philistines, Phœnicians, Jews, and the inhabitants of Syria generally; the Tartars, properly so called; the tribes actually occupying the chain of the Caucasus; the Georgians, Circassians, Mingrelians, and Armenians; the Turks, Persians, Arabians, Afghauns, and Hindoos of high castes), and the Northern Africans, the Egyptians, Abyssinians, and Guanches. 2. The Mongolian variety, which includes the tribes of Central and Northern Asia; as the Mongolians, Calmucks, and Buriats; the Mantchoos, Da-urians, Tungooses, and Coreans; the Samoides, Yukagers, Koriacs, Tschuktschi, and Kamtschadales; the Chinese and Japanese, the inhabitants of Tibet and Bootan, of Tonquin, CochinChina, Ava, Pegu, Cambodia, Laes, and Siam; the Finnish races of Northern Europe, as the Laplanders and the tribes of Esquimaux.-3. The Ethiopian variety, comprehending all the nations of Africa not included in the first variety.-4. The

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American variety, including all the native Americans except the Esquimaux.-5. The Malay variety, which includes the inhabitants of Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the adjacent Asiatic Islands; of the Molucca, Ladrone, Philippine, Marian, and Caroline groups; of New Holland, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, New Zealand, and of all the islands of the South Sea. Cuvier's arrangement, however, differs from that of Blumenbach; he distinguishes only three principal divisions-the Caucasian, the Mongolian, and the Ethiopian; leaving the Malay and American varieties as doubtful.

Man'akin, in ornithology, a group of small birds remarkable for richness of plumage; order Ampelidæ.

Mandibula'ta, Mandib'ulates (Lat. mandibulum a jaw), in entomology, a class of insects which preserve their organs of mastication in their last stage of metamorphosis.

Manège (Fr.), a place where horsemanship is taught, or horses trained. Manganese', a black mineral; a metal of grey colour, hard, brittle, and difficult of fusion.

Man'ganite, a mineral composed chiefly of an oxide of manganese; its constituents are manganese, oxygen, and water: sp. gr. 433.

Mangel-wurzel (Germ.), in botany, the Beta vulgaris, or Field Beet, exten☐ sively cultivated for feeding cattle. Mangifera (Ind. mango a fruit), in botany, a general name for the Mango trees of the East Indies, the fruit of which is very highly esteemed; order Terebinthaceæ.

Mangrove, a tree which forms dense groves in the tropics; also a plant which grows in and near salt water; order Rhizophoraceæ.

Manheim Gold, an alloy, consisting of 3 parts of copper and I of gold. Man'ifold Writer (Sax. manigfeald multiplied), an apparatus for producing duplicate copies of letters or other documents, by a stylus, upon thin tracing-paper, interleaved with a blackened paper; sometimes called a manifold by the reporters of the press, with whom it is in general use. Manna (Heb.), a saccharine substance that exudes from the bark of the Fraxinus ornus. At first the manna resembles drops of honey, but soon thickens into solid grains.-Mannite is a peculiar kind of sugar obtained from manna; it is composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Manœuvre (Fr.). -In military science, manœuvres of war consist in habituating the soldier to a variety of

evolutions, to accustom him to different movements, and to render his mind familiar with the nature of every principle of offensive or defensive operations. Manometer (Gr. manos rarefied, and metron a measure), an instrument for measuring the rarefaction of elastic fluids.

Man'talet, Mantlet (Sax.), in fortification, a kind of movable parapet for sheltering the gunners from the fire of the assailants. Mantis'sa, the decimal part of logarithm.

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Mantle, in zoology, the skin of molluscous animals which covers in the viscera and other parts of the body. Mantling, in heraldry, the ornamental drapery around coats of arms. Manu'brium (Lat. a handle), in anatomy, a term applied to the upper part of the sternum.

Map (Sp. mapa), a geographical picture or delineation of any portion of land and water; a representation of the earth, or any part of it, in which the lines of latitude and longitude, and the relative positions of countries, kingdoms, states, mountains, rivers, seas, &c., are represented. --Mapping is the art of delineating maps. Maple, the name of trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Acer. Marabou Feathers (Fr.), the under tailcoverts of the Ciconia argala and C. maraboue.

Maranta'ceæ (from Maranti, a Venetian physician), in botany, a nat. order of endogenous plants, of which the Maranta, or Arrowroot, is the type. Maras'mus (Gr.), in pathology, a wasting of the body; atrophy. Marble (Fr.), a carbonate of lime, or calcareous rock, of many varieties, extensively used for statues, busts, mantel-pieces, monuments, pillars, &c. There are three grand divisions of marbles :-1. Marbles of one plain colour, comprising the various shades from white to black; -2. Marbles of two colours, which are very varied; -3. Marbles variegated with many colours, several of which are very beautiful.-Parian marble is white, large-grained, and translucent. The marble of Carrara has a finer grain and closer texture, and is now usually employed by statuaries. In England, marbles abound in the counties of Derby, Devon, and Anglesea. In Scotland, they are found in Sutherlandshire and Argyleshire; in Ireland, at Kilkenny and other places.

Marbled Paper, paper veined or stained for covering boxes, books, or walls.