flat distinct vesicles, with a base slightly inflamed, containing a sanious fluid.

Ruta'ceae (Sax. ruta or rud), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of fetid herbs, as Garden Rue, of which Ruta, or Rue, is the genus. Butel'ida (Lat. rutilans, shining), in

As an abreviation S. stands for south; S.E. for south-east; S.W. for southwest; S.S.E. for south-south-east; S.S.W. for south-south-west; F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal Society; F.G.S., Fellow of the Geological Society, &c.

Sabadil'la (Sp.), in botany, a species of Veratrum found in the West Indies and in Mexico, from which veratria, a considerable article of commerce, is obtained.-Sabadilline is a poisonous crystalline substance tracted from the root of the Sabadilla. Saccharic Acid, a product of the action of dilute nitric acid on cane or grape sugar.

ex

Sac'charine (Lat. saccharum sugar), having the qualities of sugar.-Saccharine fermentation, a kind of spontaneous fermentation which takes place in various bodies, by which sugar is formed in them either at the expense of the gluten or of an acid. Sac'charite, a mineral composed chiefly of silica, alumina, soda, and lime. Saccharom'eter (Lat. saccharum, and Gr. metron a measure), an instrument for ascertaining the strength of brewers' and distillers' worts, and the richness of saccharine substances; also the degree to which the juice expressed from the sugar-cane is concentrated previously to undergoing the process of crystallization. Saccha'rum (Lat. from Arab. soukar sugar), an important genus of plants from which sugar is obtained, the Sugar-cane; order Graminacea.-In chemistry and medicine, saccharum saturni is the acetate of lead-a salt which crystallizes in right rhombic prisms, or in needles, and is poi

sonous.

Saccholac'tic (Lat. saccharum, and lac milk), in chemistry, noting an acid obtained from the sugar of milk.Saccholactate is a salt formed by saccholactic acid with a base. Sacchul'mine, in chemistry, a crystalline substance of a colour nearly black, obtained by boiling cane sugar in dilute sulphuric acid.

Sacrum (Lat. sacer sacred), in anatomy,

S.

entomology, a division of the family Scarabæides, or Sting Beetles. Ruthenium, in chemistry, a very hard brittle metal, extracted from the ore of platinum.

Rutile (Lat. rutilo to shine), in mineralogy, a reddish-brown mineral. Ru'tilite, native oxide of titanium.

the bone which forms the basis of the vertebral column. -Sacroiliac, pertaining to the articulation which exists between the sacral and iliac bones.-Sacro-lumbalis, a muscle arising from the sacrum.-Sacrolumbar, pertaining to the sacro-lumbalis.-Sacro-coccygeal, belonging to the articulation which results from the union of the sacrum and coccyx. -Sacro-sciatic, pertaining to either of the two ligaments of the pelvis.Sacro-vertebral, belonging to the articulation formed by the union of the sacrum with the last lumbar vertebra.-Craig.

Safety Lamp, a lamp covered with fine gauze to give light in mines, and so constructed as to burn without danger in an explosive atmosphere. Safety Tube, a tube of various forms used in distillations.

Safety Valve, a valve on the boiler of a

steam-engine, which opens outward from the boiler, facilitating the escape of steam.

Sagape'num (Arab.), in botany, a concrete gum resin imported from Alexandria, Smyrna, &c., in drops or masses of an olive or brownishyellow colour, used only in medicine. Sagger, a species of clay used in making the pots in which earthenware is baked.

Sagitta'lis (Lat. sagitta an arrow), in anatomy, the arrow-like suture of the cranium, which passes from the middle of the superior margin of the frontal to the angle of the occipital bone.

Sagittarius (Lat.), in astronomy, one of the signs of the zodiac, the figure of

which is a centaur drawing a bow. The catalogue of the Astronomical Society gives 150 stars.

Sagittate (Lat.), in botany, shaped like the head of an arrow. Sahlite (from Sahla in Sweden, where it is found), a variety of white augite, which consists of silica, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, manganese, and alumina.

Saint Vitus's Dance, in pathology, a convulsive motion of the limbs.

Sal (Lat.), the scientific term for salt, as used in chemistry and pharmacy.-Sal ammoniac is a compound of 17 parts of ammonia and 37 of hydrochloric acid. Sal volatile, carbonate of ammonia, a term frequently applied to a spirituous solution of the carbonate flavoured with aromatics. Salalem'broth, in chemistry, a double salt, consisting of chloride of mercury and chloride of ammonium. Salam Stone, in mineralogy, a species of sapphire.

Salica'cea (Lat. Salix, one of the genera), a nat. order of amentaceous Exogens; the Willows and Poplars. Sal'icine (Lat. salix), a bitter crystallizable principle extracted from the willow.

Sa'lient (Lat. salio to leap), in geometry, applied to projecting angles. Sal'ifiable (Lat. sal, and fio to become), in chemistry, capable of forming a salt by combining with an acid. Saline (Lat. sal), in chemistry, containing the properties of salt. Salinom'eter (Lat. salinus saline, and Gr. metron a measure), an apparatus for ascertaining the brine in steamengine boilers.

Sali'no-terrene (Lat. salinus, and terra earth), in chemistry, partaking of salt and earth.

Salivary (Lat. saliva), belonging to or conveying saliva.-Salivary glands, the glands which secrete the saliva, being the parotid, sublingual, and maxillary.

Saliva'tion (Lat.), in pathology, the process of producing an excessive flow of saliva.

Salmon'idæ, a family of malacopterygious fishes, of which the Salmo, or Salmon, is the type.

Salpin'go-pharyn'geus (Gr. salpinx a trumpet, and pharynx the pharynx), in anatomy, a muscle composed of a few fibres of the palato-pharyngeus, which it assists in dilating the mouth of the Eustachian tube. Sal Prunel'la (Lat.), fused nitre, cast into cakes or balls. Salseparine', in chemistry, a substance extracted by alcohol from sarsaparilla.

Salt (Germ. salz, Lat. sal), in popular language, the chloride of sodium, a substance which has been in common use as a seasoner and preserver of food from the earliest ages.-In chemistry, any substance resulting from the combination of two oxides or analogous bodies, of which one is nighly basic and the other highly acid. Saltato'ria (Lat. salto to skip), a family of orthopterous insects, comprising Grasshoppers, Crickets, &c.

Sal'tier (Fr.), in heraldry, one of the eight great ordinaries; a cross with two feet, as an X. Sal'tigrades (Lat.), a family of Spiders which leap to seize their prey. Saltpe'tre (Germ. salpeter), the nitrate of potash, a salt of very great importance, found in a natural state, but chiefly obtained by artificial pro

cesses.

Salt Rad'ical, in chemistry, an element which forms a salt by combination with a metal.

Salts, in chemistry, an important class of substances, composed of two or more dissimilar elements in such combination with each other as chemically to unite, forming a substance dissimilar to either, of which the following are a few of the more ordinary ones :-Culinary, Rock, or Sea salt, chloride of soda;-Purging or Epsom salt, sulphate of magnesia;Glauber salt, sulphate of soda;Salt of hartshorn, carbonate of ammonia;-Sedative sait, boracic acid; -Rochelle salt, tartrate of potash and soda:-Salt of Silvius, acetate of potash ;-Salt of sorrel, oxalate of potash; Microcosmic salt, triple phosphate of soda and ammonia;Spirit of salt, hydrochloric acid; Salt of tartar, carbonate of potash; Salt of lemons, citric acid;-Salt of Saturn, acetate of lead;-Salt of amber, succinic acid;-Salt of vitriol, or White vitriol, sulphate of zinc (Craig).-Salts is the popular name for salt taken as an opening medicine.

Salvatel'la (Germ. from Lat. salus safety), in anatomy, the name of a vein situated in the dorsal region, near the ulnar border of the human hand.

Sal Volatile (Lat. volatile salt), a sesquicarbonate of ammonia. Samian Stone, a kind of polishing stone used by goldsmiths, brought from Samos.

Samyda'ces, a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of shrubs or little trees, of which the Samyda, or Birch, is the type.

Sand (Sax.), in mineralogy, flint or quartz broken fine by the action of water, but not reduced to powder. In chemistry, a sand-bath is a vessel filled with sand and heated by a fire underneath;-Sand-heat, the temperature produced by this apparatus.

In fortification, sand-bag is a bag containing usually about a cubic foot of sand, used in repairing breaches, erecting temporary bulwarks, &c.Sandstone is an aggregate of siliceous grains, or any stone composed

of grains of sand agglutinated together. San'darach (Lat. sandaraca, from Arab. sandros), a resinous substance, or gum resin, which oozes from the common juniper, used in making varnish; a native fossil of a bright red colour. Sandarach is also a name for realgar, or sulphuret of arsenic.

Banguina'ria (Lat. sanguis blood), in chemistry, a vegetable alkali obtained from the Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Sanguisorba'cea (Lat. sanguis, and sorbeo to absorb), an order of exogenous plants, consisting of herbs or under-shrubs, of which the Sanguisorba is the type and genus. Sa'nies (Lat.), in physiology, a thin reddish discharge from sores wounds.

or

San'tonine, a vegetable principle obtained from the Artemisia santonica. Sap (Sax.), the vital juice of plants and trees, or the fluid which is absorbed by the roots.-In military science, a trench for undermining.-Sap-green, the inspissated juice of the berries of the Buckthorn, Rhamnus catharticus.-In botany, sap-tubes are those vessels by which the sap is conveyed. Sapan-wood (Malabar), the wood of the tree Casalpinia sapan, used throughout Asia as a red dye-stuff. Saphe'na (Gr. saphes distinct), in anatomy, the large vein of the leg, which ascends over the external ankle. Sapinda'ces (Lat. sapo soap), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of trees and shrubs, of which the Sapindus, or Soapwort, is the type. Saponification (Lat. sapo), the change which fats undergo in contact with alkaline solutions at high temperatures; the formation of soap. Sap'onine (Lat. sapo), a substance contained in the root of the Saponaria officinalis, producing lather. Sap'onite, in mineralogy, a soft white mineral.

Sapota'cea (Lat. sapo), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of exotic trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical and lactescent.

Sapph'irine, a mineral which occurs in translucent grains of a pale blue or green colour, and consists of alumina, silica, magnesia, lime, oxide of iron, oxide of manganese, and water: sp. gr. 3°42; H=70-8'0. Saproph'agans (Gr. sapros putrid, and phago to eat), a tribe of coleopterous insects, comprising those which feed on animal and vegetable substances in a state of decomposition.

Sar'cocarp (Gr. sarx flesh, and karpos fruit), in botany, the intermediate fleshy layer between the epicarp and endocarp.

Sarcocele (Gr.sarx, and kele a tumour), in pathology, a tumefaction of the testicle. Sarcocol'la (Gr. sarx, and kolla glue), the concrete juice of the Penæa sarcocolla.

Sar coderm (Gr. sarx, and derma skin), in botany, the middle covering of a seed when it becomes succulent or juicy.

Sar colite (Gr. sarx, and lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a variety of zeolite. Sarcology (Gr. sarx, and logos a discourse), that part of anatomy which treats of the fleshy parts of the body. Sarco'ma (Gr.), in pathology, a morbid tumour.

Sarcoram'phine (Gr. sarx, and ramphos a beak), in ornithology, a sub-family of birds, of the order Accipitres. Sarco'sis (Gr. sarx), in pathology, the formation of flesh; a fleshy tumour. Sarcotic (Gr.), a medicine which fills up ulcers with new flesh.

Sard (Gr. sardion), a mineral of a deep red colour; a variety of chalcedony. Sar dachate (Gr.), a sort of agate, containing sard.

Sardonyx (Gr.), a precious stone; a chalcedony or cornelian.

Sarmentous (Lat. sarmentum a twig), in botany, applied to a stem which is long and almost destitute of buds or leaves.

Sarsaparil'la (Sp. zarza a bramble, and parilla a vine), a medicinal plant and its root; a species of Smilax. Sarto'rius (Lat. sartor a tailor), in anatomy, the muscle which serves to throw one leg across the other, called the tailor's muscle. Sas'soline, in chemistry, native boracic acid, which occurs in loose scaly particles. The pure varieties consist of borax and oxygen: sp. gr. 1'48. The name is derived from Sasso, at the hot springs of which it is deposited.

Satellite (Lat. satelles an attendant), a secondary planet which revolves about a primary planet, as the moon round the earth.

Satin-spar, in mineralogy, fibrous limestone.-Satin-wood, a fine lemoncoloured wood, having a fragrant odour.

Satura'tion (Lat.), in chemistry, the union of one body with another by affinity, till the receiving body can

contain no more.

Saturn, in astronomy, one of the primary planets of the solar system, which is attended by seven satellites.

Saturn's distance from the sun is above 890,000,000 miles; the mean diameter is 76,078 miles. Batyr'ida (Gr. and Lat.), the Argus Butterflies, some of which are among the largest butterflies in existence. Saucisse, Saucis'son (Fr.), in fortification, a long pipe of pitched cloth or leather filled with powder, for the purpose of communicating fire to mines, caissons, &c.

Saur'ia, or Sau'rians (Gr.sauros a lizard), in zoology, the general term for the great family of Lizards. the second order of the class Reptilia of Cuvier. It consists of six families: the Crocodiles, Lizards, Iguanas, Geckos, Chamelions, and the Scincoidians. Sauroid'ichnites (Gr.), in geology, a term applied to fossil footsteps of the saurian tribes.

Saus surite, a mineral occuring in masses of a greenish white, and consisting of soda, silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron: sp. gr. 3'2-3'4; H=55. So called from M. Saussure, the discoverer.

Saxicavida (Lat saxum a rock, and cavea a den), in malacology, a family of perforating bivalvular Molluscs, of which Saxicava is the type and genus. Saxifragaceae (Lat. saxum, and frango to break), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of herbs or shrubs, of which Saxifraga, or Saxifrage, is genus and type a medicine which has the property of breaking the

the

stone.

Sca'bies (Lat. scabo to scratch), in pathology, a contagious eruption, of which there are different species; as, S. papuliformis, Rank Itch; S. lymphatica, Watery Itch; S. purulenta, Pocky Itch; and S. cachectica, Scorbutic Itch.

Scaglio'la (Ital.), in architecture, a kind of ornamental plaster, or artificial stone, prepared from gypsum and Flanders glue, and made to imitate the colours of marble.

Scalene (Gr. oblique), in geometry, a triangle having the three sides unequal. -A scalene cone or cylinder is one of which the axis is inclined to the base. Scales (Sax.), a mathematical instrument, consisting of various lines drawn on wood, ivory, brass, &c., and variously divided, according to the purpose they are intended to serve.In arithmetic, the order of progression on which any system of notation is founded.

Scalesi'asis (Gr. skaleuo to root up, as pigs), in physiology, a disease peculiar to swine, which is purely parasitic, and depends for its origin on the introduction into the system of the

mature and fecundated ova of Tania solium. It is sometimes known as the measles; and the malady is most prevalent in those counties in Ireland where pigs are reared in small lots by poor people.-Report of the Privy Council on Public Health and Diseases of Cattle. Scam'mony (Lat. scammonia), a species of Asiatic Convolvulus.-In pharmacy, a gum resin obtained from it, used as a drastic purge: sp. gr. 123. Scanso'res (Lat. climbers), an order of birds, including those which have the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind.

Scapha (Gr. skaphe a skiff), in surgery, a double-headed roller for stopping hæmorrhage, &c.-In anatomy, the depression of the outer ear before the anti-helix.

Scaphidi'tes (Gr. skaphe), a family of clavicorn coleopterous insects, of which the Scaphidium is the type. Scaphiduri'næ, a sub-family of the Sturnidæ or Starling family, of which the Scaphidura, or Boat-rails, is the type. Scaphite (Gr. skaphe), in conchology, an elliptical-chambered shell of the family of the Ammonites.

Scap'olite (Gr. skapos a rod, and lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a siliceous mineral; pyramidal felspar, composed of silica, alumina, lime, and water: sp. gr. 2'5; H-5'0.

Scap'ula (Lat.), in anatomy, the shoulder-blade, which approaches nearly to a triangular figure. Scarabae'ida (Lat.), a family of Lamellicorns, of which the Scarabæus, or Beetle, is the genus.

Scar broite (from Scarborough, where it occurs), a mineral of a purely white colour, composed of alumina, silica, peroxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. I'48.

Scarfing (Sax. scearf), in architecture, the act of covering with a scarf; the joining of two pieces of timber by notching or indenting, so as to appear but one.

Scarlati'na (Ital. scarlattino), that febrile exanthema called, in nosology, Rosalia; scarlet fever.

Scarp (Fr. escarpe), in fortification, the interior talus or slope of the ditch at the foot of the rampart. Scelotyr'be (Gr. skelos the leg, and tyrbe commotion), in pathology, a contracted state of the limbs. Scenog'raphy (Gr. skene, and grapho to write), the representation of solids in perspective; the art of perspective. Schaal'stein (Germ.), in mineralogy, table-spar which occurs in laminated concretions.

Scheele's Green, an arseniate of copper;

a pigment obtained by mixing arseniate of potassa with sulphate of copper.

Soheel'ite (in honour of Scheele, who discovered it), a brittle mineral; a tungstate of lime.

Schee'lium, in mineralogy, another name for tungsten.

Scher'erite (from Scheerer, who first discovered it), in mineralogy, an inflammable substance found in beds of lignite; resinous naphthaline. Scherzan'do (Ital.), in music, noting a sportive style.

Schesis (Gr. scheo to hold), in medicine, habit or constitution of the body. Schief'er-spar (Germ.), in mineralogy, slate spar; a foliated carbonate of lime.

Schiller-spar (Germ. schillern emitting rays of light), in mineralogy, a siliceous mineral, which occurs crystallized, composed of silica, magnesia, alumina, lime, oxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 2'6; H= 3.5. Schist (Gr. schistos cloven), in geology, a term adopted from the German, synonymous with slate.-Schistose, Schistous, relating to or containing schist; having a slaty texture. Schizandra'ceæ, an order of exogenous plants, usually climbing shrubs, of which Schizandra is the type and genus.

Schneide'rian Membrane, in anatomy, the putuitary membrane, which secretes the mucus of the nose; so named from Schneider, the disco

verer.

Schorl (Swed. skor brittle), a dark-coloured, opaque variety of tourmaline, composed of silica, potash, magnesia, and oxide of iron: sp. gr. 3'05-3°36. It is harder than hornblende.

Schorlite (Swed. skor, and Gr. lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a name sometimes given to topaz.

Schorly Granite, in geology, a kind of granite, consisting of schorl or tourmaline, quartz, felspar, and mica. Schweinfurth Green, in chemistry, a double crystallizable salt of arsenite of copper and acetate of copper, used as a pigment,

Sciag'raphy (Gr. skia a shadow, and graphe description), the art of sketching or delineating shadows; art of dialling. In architecture, the section or profile of a section of a building.In astronomy, the art of finding the hour by the shadows of the sun or

moon.

Sciatica (Gr. ischion the hip), in pathology, a rheumatic affection of the hipjoint.-Sciatic nerve, the termination of the sacral or sciatic plexus, and the largest of all the nerves.

Science (Lat. scientia, from scio to know), the knowledge of things reducible to practice; a body of truths or principles; any species of knowledge or art; one of the seven liberal arts of the ancients-namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy.-Abstract science, the knowledge of reasons and their conclusions.-Natural science, the knowledge of causes and effects, and of the laws of nature.-The sciences may be divided into three great classes: those which relate to number and quantity, those which relate to matter, and those which relate to mind. The first are called the mathematics; the second, natural philosophy; and the third, intellectual or moral philosophy. The terms art and science are frequently used without due discrimination and precision. In general, an art is that which depends on practice or performance, and science is that which depends on abstract or speculative principles. The theory of music is a science, the practice of it an art.

Scil'litine, in chemistry, the peculiar bitter principle obtained from the squill.

Scintilla'tion (Lat. scintilla a spark), in astronomy, the twinkling or tremulous motion of the light of the larger fixed

stars.

Sciog'raphy. (See Sciagraphy.)
Sciol'to (Ital.), in music, a term denoting

that the notes are to be performed in a distinct manner.

Sciop'tics (Gr. skia a shadow, and optomai to see), the science of exhibiting images of external objects, received through a double convex glass into a darkened room. Sciop'tric (Gr.), a mechanical contrivance used in the camera obscura, for the purpose of giving motion to a lens in every direction.

Sciother'ic (Gr. skia), applied to an instrument for adjusting the time by means of the shadow.

Scir'rhus (Gr. skirrhos hard), in pathology, an induration of a gland, forming an indolent tumour not readily suppurating.

Scleroderms (Gr. skleros, and derma

skin), in ichthyology, a family of fishes having skins covered with hard scales. Scle'rophthalmy (Gr. skleros hard, and ophthalmos the eye), in pathology, inflammation of the eye, with thickening of the orbicular muscle of the eyelids. Sclero'sis (Gr.), a hard tumour. Sclerotic (Gr.), in pathology, medicine which hardens and consolidates. Sclerotica (Gr. skleros), in anatomy, one of the membranes of the eye.