Saturn's distance from the sun is above 890,000,000 miles; the mean diameter is 76,078 miles.

Satyride (Gr. and Lat.), the Argus Butterflies, some of which are among the largest butterflies in existence. Saucisse, Saucisson (Fr.), in fortification, a long pipe of pitched cloth or leather filled with powder, for the purpose of communicating fire to mines, caissons, &c.

Saur'ia, or Sau'rians (Gr.sauros a lizard), in zoology, the general term for the great family of Lizards. the second order of the class Reptilia of Cuvier. It consists of six families: the Crocodiles, Lizards, Iguanas, Geckos, Chamelions, and the Scincoidians. Sauroid'ichnites (Gr.), in geology, a term applied to fossil footsteps of the saurian tribes.

Saus'surite, a mineral occuring in masses of a greenish white, and consisting of soda, silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron: sp. gr. 3.2-3.4; H=55. So called from M. Saussure, the discoverer.

Saxicavidæ (Lat saxum a rock, and cavea a den), in malacology, a family of perforating bivalvular Molluscs, of which Saxicava is the type and genus. Saxifraga'ceæ (Lat. saxum, and frango to break), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of herbs or shrubs, of which Saxifraga, or Saxifrage, is the genus and type-a medicine which has the property of breaking the

stone.

Sca'bies (Lat. scabo to scratch), in pathology, a contagious eruption, of which there are different species; as, S. papuliformis, Rank Itch; S. lymphatica, Watery Itch; S. purulenta, Pocky Itch; and S.cachectica, Scorbutic Itch.

Scaglio'la (Ital.), in architecture, a kind of ornamental plaster, or artificial stone, prepared from gypsum and Flanders glue, and made to imitate the colours of marble.

Scalene (Gr. oblique), in geometry, a triangle having the three sides unequal. -A scalene cone or cylinder is one of which the axis is inclined to the base. Scales (Sax.), a mathematical instrument, consisting of various lines drawn on wood, ivory, brass, &c., and variously divided, according to the purpose they are intended to serve.In arithmetic, the order of progression on which any system of notation

is founded.

Scalesi'asis (Gr. skaleuo to root up, as pigs), in physiology, a disease peculiar to swine, which is purely parasitic, and depends for its origin on the introduction into the system of the

mature and fecundated ova of Tania solium. It is sometimes known as the measles; and the malady is most prevalent in those counties in Ireland where pigs are reared in small lots by poor people. Report of the Privy Council on Public Health and Dis

eases of Cattle. Scam'mony (Lat. scammonia), a species of Asiatic Convolvulus.-In pharmacy, a gum resin obtained from it, used as a drastic purge: sp. gr. 1°23. Scanso'res (Lat. climbers), an order of birds, including those which have the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind.

Scapha (Gr. skaphe a skiff), in surgery, a double-headed roller for stopping hæmorrhage, &c. In anatomy, the depression of the outer ear before the anti-helix.

Scaphidi'tes (Gr. skaphe), a family of clavicorn coleopterous insects, of which the Scaphidium is the type. Scaphiduri'næ, a sub-family of the Sturnidæ or Starling family, of which the Scaphidura, or Boat-rails, is the type. Scaphite (Gr. skaphe), in conchology, an elliptical-chambered shell of the family of the Ammonites. Scapolite (Gr. skapos a rod, and lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a siliceous mineral; pyramidal felspar, composed of silica, alumina, lime, and water: sp. gr. 2.5; H-5.0. Scap'ula (Lat.), in anatomy, the shoulder-blade, which approaches nearly to a triangular figure. Scarabæ'idæ (Lat.), a family of Lamellicorns, of which the Scarabæus, or Beetle, is the genus.

Scarbroite (from Scarborough, where it occurs), a mineral of a purely white colour, composed of alumina, silica, peroxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 1'48.

Scarfing (Sax. scearf), in architecture, the act of covering with a scarf; the joining of two pieces of timber by notching or indenting, so as to appear but one.

Scarlatina (Ital. scarlattino), that febrile exanthema called, in nosology, Rosalia; scarlet fever.

Scarp (Fr. escarpe), in fortification, the interior talus or slope of the ditch at the foot of the rampart. Scelotyr'be (Gr. skelos the leg, and tyrbe commotion), in pathology, a contracted state of the limbs.

Scenography (Gr. skene, and grapho to write), the representation of solids in perspective; the art of perspective. Schaal'stein (Germ.), in mineralogy, table-spar which occurs in laminated

concretions.

Scheele's Green, an arseniate of copper;

a pigment obtained by mixing arseniate of potassa with sulphate of copper.

Soheel'ite (in honour of Scheele, who discovered it), a brittle mineral; a tungstate of lime.

Schee'lium, in mineralogy, another name for tungsten.

Schererite (from Scheerer, who first discovered it), in mineralogy, an inflammable substance found in beds of lignite; resinous naphthaline. Scherzan'do (Ital.), in music, noting a sportive style.

Schesis (Gr. scheo to hold), in medicine, habit or constitution of the body. Schiefer-spar (Germ.), in mineralogy, slate spar; a foliated carbonate of

lime.

Schiller-spar (Germ. schillern emitting rays of light), in mineralogy, a siliceous mineral, which occurs crystallized, composed of silica, magnesia, alumina, lime, oxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 26; H = 3.5.

Schist (Gr. schistos cloven), in geology, a term adopted from the German, synonymous with slate. - Schistose, Schistous, relating to or containing schist; having a slaty texture.

Schizandra'cesæ, an order of exogenous plants, usually climbing shrubs, of which Schizandra is the type and genus.

Schneide'rian Membrane, in anatomy, the putuitary membrane, which secretes the mucus of the nose; so named from Schneider, the disco

verer.

Schorl (Swed. skor brittle), a dark-coloured, opaque variety of tourmaline, composed of silica, potash, magnesia, and oxide of iron: sp. gr. 3.05-3.36. It is harder than hornblende.

Schorlite (Swed. skor, and Gr. lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a name sometimes given to topaz.

Schorly Granite, in geology, a kind of granite, consisting of schorl or tourmaline, quartz, felspar, and mica. Schweinfurth Green, in chemistry, a double crystallizable salt of arsenite of copper and acetate of copper, used as a pigment,

Sciag'raphy (Gr. skia a shadow, and graphe description), the art of sketching or delineating shadows; art of dialling. In architecture, the section or profile of a section of a building.In astronomy, the art of finding the hour by the shadows of the sun or

moon.

Sciatica (Gr. ischion the hip), in pathology, a rheumatic affection of the hip joint. Sciatic nerve, the termination of the sacral or sciatic plexus, and the largest of all the nerves.

Science (Lat. scientia, from scio to know), the knowledge of things reducible to practice; a body of truths or principles; any species of knowledge or art; one of the seven liberal arts of the ancients-namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy.-Abstract science, the knowledge of reasons and their conclusions.-Natural science, the knowledge of causes and effects, and of the laws of nature. The sciences may be divided into three great classes: those which relate to number and quantity, those which relate to matter, and those which relate to mind. The first are called the mathematics; the second, natural philosophy; and the third, intellectual or moral philosophy. The terms art and science are frequently used without due discrimination and precision. In general, an art is that which depends on practice or performance, and science is that which depends on abstract or speculative principles. The theory of music is a science, the practice of it an art.

Scil'litine, in chemistry, the peculiar bitter principle obtained from the squill.

Scintilla'tion (Lat. scintilla a spark), in astronomy, the twinkling or tremulous motion of the light of the larger fixed

stars.

Sciog'raphy. (See Sciagraphy.) Sciol'to (Ital.), in music, a term denoting that the notes are to be performed in a distinct manner. Sciop'tics (Gr. skia a shadow, and optomai to see), the science of exhibiting images of external objects, received through a double convex glass into a darkened room. Sciop'tric (Gr.), a mechanical contrivance used in the camera obscura, for the purpose of giving motion to a lens in every direction.

Sciother'ic (Gr. skia), applied to an instrument for adjusting the time by means of the shadow.

Scirrhus (Gr. skirrhos hard), in pathology, an induration of a gland, forming an indolent tumour not readily suppurating.

Scleroderms (Gr. skleros, and derma skin), in ichthyology, a family of fishes having skins covered with hard scales. Sclerophthalmy (Gr. skleros hard, and ophthalmos the eye), in pathology, inflammation of the eye, with thickening of the orbicular muscle of the eyelids. Sclero'sis (Gr.), a hard tumour. Sclerotic (Gr.), in pathology, medicine which hardens and consolidates. Sclerotica (Gr. skleros), in anatomy, one of the membranes of the eye.

Scleroti'tis (Gr. skleros), in pathology, sclerotic inflammation.

Scol'ecite (Gr. skole a worm), a crystallized mineral; the needle-stone; composed of silica, alumina, lime, soda, and water: sp. gr. 2.27.

Scom'bride (Lat. scomber a mackerel), in ichthyology, a family of marine acanthopterygious fishes, including the Mackerel, the Tunny, the Swordfish, &c.

Scorbutus (Sax. scor), in pathology, scurvy.

Score (Sax.twenty), in music, the original draft of the whole composition, in which the several parts are marked. Sco'ria, pl. Sco'rise (Lat.), ashes, dross, or slag from a smelting furnace; volcanic cinders.

Scor'odite (Gr. skorodon garlic, from the odour it emits under the blowpipe), a mineral of a pale leek-green, consisting of oxide of copper, arsenic acid, protoxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 3'1; H = 3.5.

Scorolite (Lat. scoria dross, and Gr. lithos a stone), a mineral of a reddishbrown colour, composed of silica, alumina, protoxide of iron, lime, and water: sp. gr. 1'71; H = 2.

Scorpæ'nidæ (Gr. skorpios a scorpion), in ichthyology, a family of fishes with smooth scales, of which the Scorpæna is the genus.

Scorpion (Gr.), an insect or small reptile, having in its tail a venomous sting; a sea-fish; the eighth sign in the zodiac.--Scorpion Grass, Scorpion Senna, Scorpion's Tail, Scorpion-wort, names of plants or herbs. Sco'tia (Gr. darkness), in architecture, a semicircular cavity or channel; a hollow moulding; a cavetto. Scotodyn'ia (Gr. dizziness), in patho

logy, giddiness, with imperfect vision. Scotograph (Gr. skotos dark, and grapho to write), an instrument with which a blind person may write. Scotomy (Gr. skotoma, from skotoo to darken), vertigo; dimness of vision. Screw (Dutch scroef), one of the six mechanical powers, consisting of a spiral ridge winding round a cylinder. -The double screw consists in the combination of two screws of unequal fineness of thread, one of which works within the other. The micrometer screw is a contrivance adapted to astronomical or optical instruments, for the purpose of measuring angles with great exactness.Screw propeller, in nautology, an instrument for the propulsion of vessels, consisting of two or more twisted blades set on an axis running parallel with the keel, and revolving beneath the water at the stern.

Scrobic'ulus Cordis (Lat.), a name sometimes applied to the epigastric region; the pit of the stomach. Scrofula (Lat.), in pathology, a disease characterized by indurated glandular tumours, especially about the neck. Scroll, in architecture, a convolved or spiral ornament; also the volutes of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals.In heraldry, the ornament placed under the escutcheon.

Scrophularia'ceæ (Lat. scrofula), in botany, an order of exogenous plants, consisting of herbs and sub-shrubs, of which Scrophularia, or Figwort, is the type.

Scrotal Lat. scrotum), pertaining to or affecting the scrotum. Scrota! hernia, protrusion of any of the contents of the abdomen into the scrotum. Scrotocele, in pathology, a hernia descending into the scrotum. Scrotum (Lat.), in anatomy, the cutaneous envelope of the testes. Sculpture (Lat. sculptura), the act of imitating forms by chiselling and cutting away solid substances. Scurvy (Lat. scorbutus), in pathology, a disease characterized by general debility, with hæmorrhage from various parts of the body. Soutel'lum (Lat. scutella a saucer), in botany, the fructifying space upon the thallus of a lichen.

Scutibran'chiate (Lat. scutis a shell, and branchia gills), in ichthyology, having the gills covered by a shieldlike shell.

Sea (Sax. sæ), a large body of salt water communicating with the ocean, as the Mediterranean Sea. Sea is a word extensively used in composition, and its compounds may be formed almost at will.

Sea Anem'one, in botany, a plant; a highly-organized polype. Sebaceous (Low Lat. from sebum tallow), in anatomy, applied to glands which secrete an unctuous matter. Secant (Lat. secans, from seco to cut), in geometry, a right line that cuts a curve or a circle. In trigonometry, a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to one extremity of an arc. Secer'nent (Lat. secerno to separate), in pathology, medicine to promote secretion. In anatomy, a secreting vessel of the body. Second, in chronology, the sixtieth part of a degree of a circle, or of a minute. Secondary (Lat.), in geology, applied to a series of stratified rocks which lie above the primary and below the tertiary. In pathology, a secondary fever is that which arises after a crisis, or the discharge of some morbid matter.

Secrete (Lat. secerno), in physiology, to separate some peculiar fluid or substance from the blood or nutritive fluid. Secretion is the separation of this peculiar fluid.

Secreʼtiveness, in phrenology, the organ which induces secrecy.

Sector (Lat. a divider), in geometry, a portion of the area of a circle, bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc; a mathematical instrument used in making diagrams, laying down plans, &c.; an astronomical instrument, constructed for determining the zenith distances of stars.

Sec'undine (Fr.), the fœtal membrane or membranes; the after-birth.

Secun'dum Artem (Lat. according to art), a term used in medical prescriptions, usually affixed when the making up of a recipe requires great care.

Sed'entaries (Lat. sedentarius, from sedeo to sit), a tribe of Spiders which rest motionless until their prey is entangled.

Sedum (Lat.), in medicine, an acrid substance which acts both as an emetic and a cathartic.

Segment (Lat. a cutting), in geometry, a part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; the part of a circle comprised between an arc and its chord. Seidlitz Powders, in medicine, a term applied to powders used for making an effervescing aperient drink.Seidlitz water, the mineral water of Seidlitz, in Bohemia, containing sulphate of magnesia, soda, and carbonic acid.

Seismom'eter (Gr. seismos an earthquake, and metron a measure), an instrument for measuring the shock of an earthquake and other concussions.

Sele'niate, in chemistry, a salt formed of selenic acid and a base.

Selen'ic (Gr. selene the moon), in chemistry, relating to selenium. Selenic acid is a colourless liquid acid having a strong affinity for water, and capable of dissolving zinc, iron, copper, and gold. It consists of selenium and oxygen: sp. gr. 2.52.

Sele'niet, in mineralogy, a combination of selenium with zinc, lead, copper, silver, or palladium.-Selenious acid is an acid composed of selenium and oxygen.

Sele'nite (Gr.), in mineralogy, a crystallized sulphate of lime; sparry gypsum. Sele'nium (Gr. selene), a sort of semimetal, brittle, and not very hard. Seleni'uret, a mineral composed chiefly of selenium, silver, and copper.

Selenog'raphy (Gr. selene, and grapho to describe), a description of the surface of the moon.

Sella Sphenoides, in anatomy, a part of the sphenoid bone, resembling a Turkish saddle.

Seltzer Water, a mineral water of Seltzer, in Germany, containing carbonic acid, &c.

Sematology (Gr. semata signs, and logos a treatise), the doctrine of lingual or verbal signs. Semeiography, Semeiology (Gr. semeion a sign), in pathology, a description of symptoms or signs of dis

ease.

Semen (Lat. seed), the fecundating fluid of animals; sperm.

Semi- (Lat.), a word of very frequent use as a prefix in composition, which signifies half, and sometimes imperfect; as, semi-fluid, semi-transparent, &c.

Sem'ibreve (Fr.), in music, a note of half the quantity of a breve, containing two minims, four crotchets, &c.

Sem'inal (Lat. semen), in botany, applied to the cotyledons or seedleaves.

Semipal'mate (Lat. semi and palma), in zoology, having the toes connected together by a web. Semiphyllid'ians (Lat. semi, and Gr. phyllon a leaf), a division of Gasteropods, consisting of those whose branchiæ are placed under the border of the mantle. It includes the genera Pleurobranchus and Umbrella, Ancyclus, Pleurobranchæa, Spericella, and Siphonaria. Semi-pro'tolite (Lat. and Gr.), in geology, a semi-primigenous fossil. Semiquaver, in music, a note whose duration is half that of a quaver. Semit'ic (Gr. sema a sign or character), in philology, an epithet applied to the southern ramifications of the great stock of languages, consisting of the Arabic with the Ethiopic forms.

Sem'plice (Ital.), in music, implying that the movement is to be performed with simplicity and chasteness. Sen'egine, in chemistry, the bitter acrid principle of senega.

Senna (Arab. sana or sena), a species of Cassia; the leaves of the tree used as a cathartic medicine.

Senso'rium (Lat.), in anatomy, the organ of sensation; the brain. Sepal (Lat. sepio to enclose), in botany,

a division or leaf of the calyx. Se'pia (Lat. the cuttle-fish), a pigment prepared from a black juice secreted by the cuttle-fish. Sepiade (Lat.), a family of Cephalopods, including the various genera of the Cuttle-fishes, of which the Sepia is the type.

Sep'tangle, a figure having seven sides and seven angles.

Septa'ria (Lat. septum an enclosure), in geology and mineralogy, spheroidal masses of argillaceous limestone or ironstone, traversed interiorly by cracks in different directions.

Septen'trio (Lat.), that part of the heavens in which are the Seven Stars, or Charles's Wain; the north.

Septicidal (Lat. septum, and cædo to cut), in botany, an epithet applied to fruits or seed-vessels which open by dividing through the partitions of the ovary.

Septuagint (Lat. seventy), the Greek version of the Old Testament, made at Alexandria about 284 B.C., called because it was the work of seventy-two interpreters.

SO

Septum, pl. Septa (Lat.), in anatomy, the partition of bone or muscle which separates two adjoining cavities; as, Septum cordis, the fleshy substance which separates the right from the left ventricle of the heart; Septum lucidum, the partition which divides the lateral ventricles of the brain.In botany, any partition separating a body into two or more cells.

Sequela (Lat. sequor to follow), in pathology, morbid affections which follow others, as anasarca after scarlatina, &c.

Seralbu'men (Lat.), albumen obtained from the serum of the blood. Seraphine (Heb. seraph), a musical wind instrument of the organ species.

Sericulture (Lat.), the cultivation of

silkworms.

Se'ries (Lat. an order or succession), in algebra, a number of quantities succeeding each other in regular increasing or diminishing order.

Serpentarius (Lat. serpens a serpent), in astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. In ornithology, the Secretary Bird.

Serpentine (Lat. serpens), in mineralogy, a magnesian stone or rock, sometimes speckled like a serpent's back. Serpi'go (Lat.), in pathology, a ringworm ; a tetter.

Serrate, Serra'ted (Lat.serratus notched like a saw).-In anatomy, serratus magnus is a muscle arising from eight or nine of the first ribs, and inserted into the base of the scapula; -Serratus posticus superior is a muscle arising from the spinous processes of the last cervical, and the three upper dorsal vertebræ;-Serratus posticus inferior is a muscle arising from the spinous processes of the dorsal and lumbar vertebræ.

Serum (Lat.), in physiology, the fluid

which separates from blood during its coagulation.

Ses'amoid (Gr. sesame a seed, and eidos likeness), in anatomy, noting little bones at the articulations of the toes, resembling the seed of sesamum. Ses'amum (Lat. oily grain), in botany, a genus of Oriental plants, from the seeds of which oil is obtained.

Sesqui-, a Latin prefix signifying one and a half, and used in chemistry to denote those compound substances in which there is one proportion and a half of oxygen, chlorine, or hydrogen, &c., to one of the base, as sesquibromide, a compound of 3 equivalents of bromine and 2 of a metal. -Sesquitone, in music, an interval of three semitones.

Sesquial'ter (Fr.), in geometry, having the ratio or proportion of 1 to 1. Sessile (Lat.), in botany, seated close upon anything without a stalk. Seta, pl. Setæ (Lat. a bristle), in botany, the stalk that supports the theca, capsule, or sporangium of mosses. Seton (Fr. from Lat. seta), in surgery, a kind of issue, usually made with a flat needle, threaded with a skein of silk.

Setose (Lat. seta), in botany and zoology, covered with bristles or stiff hairs. Severite, a siliciferous hydrate of alumina, so called from its being found near St. Sever, in France; ce; consisting of alumina, silica, and water: sp. gr. 2.06.

Sex- (Lat.), a prefix in compound words, signifying six.

Sex'angle (Lat. sex, and angulus an angle), in geometry, a figure having six sides and six angles. Sexangular, having six angles.

Sextant (Lat. a sixth part), an astronomical instrument, formed of a sixth part of a circle, or 60°, for measuring the angular distances of objects by reflection. It is capable of very general application, but is chiefly used as a nautical instrument for measuring the altitudes of celestial objects.

Sextile (Lat.), in astrology, an aspect of two planets when distant from each other a sixth part of a circle, or 60°.

Sex'tuple (Lat. sixfold), in music, denoting a mixed sort of triple beaten in double time.

Sex'ual System, in botany, the classification founded by Linnæus on the number, position, &c., of the stamens and pistils. Sforza'to (Ital.), in music, played forcibly.

Shaft, in architecture, the body of a column between the trunk and the