building, a description at length of the materials and workmanship to be used in the erection of a building. Spectrum, pl. Spectra (Lat.), in optics, the image of something seen after closing the eyes; an optical image of the sun, or other luminous body, formed on a wall or screen by a beam of light.

Spec'ular Iron, a mineral which occurs lamellar and crystallized in many forms: sp. gr. 50; H = 5.5.

Ironstone (Carron)

3.281 Specification (Fr.), in architecture and

Lead-glance.

7.786

Limestone, compact

3.000

Marble, Carrara

2.716

Parian

2.560

Metals: Antimony

6.702

19°35

Iridium, hammered

23.00

Iron, cast

7 248

bar, hardened

7.788

Lead

11 35

Manganese

8.000

Mercury (solid)

15.61

at 32o Fahr.

13.61

Platinum

21 47

Potassium

*865

Silver

10'49

hammered.

10°51

Spec'ulum, pl. Spec'ula (Lat.), a reflector formed of polished metal.-Speculum metal is an alloy of 2 parts of copper and r of tin, of which the reflectors of telescopes are usually made.

Speiss (Germ.), a brittle, reddish alloy, composed chiefly of nickel and arsenic.

Spelter, in mineralogy, native impure zinc, containing lead, copper, iron, arsenic, manganese, and plumbago. Spermace'ti (Gr. sperma seed, and ketos a whale), a substance obtained from the oil found in the head of whales, employed for making ointments. Spermaphore (Gr. sperma, and phero to bear), in botany, that part of the ovary from which the ovule rises. Spermatocele (Gr. sperma, and kele a tumour), in pathology, a hernia or swelling of the testicles.

Spermatozo'a (Gr. sperma, and zoon an animal), in zoology, minute bodies, considered by physiologists to be essential to impregnation.

Spermatozo'id (Gr.), in physiology, one of the reputed animalcules seen in sperm. In botany, one of the vegetable filaments produced in the organs called antheridia, and which exist in the plants of many cryptogamous families.

Sperm-cell (Gr.sperma), in anatomy, one of the cells contained in the semen, in which the spermatozoa are formed. Sphac'elus (Gr.), in pathology, a deepseated gangrene of a limb or organ; the death of a bone.

1'606 Sphæren'chyma (Gr. sphaira a sphere, and enchyma a tissue), in botany, vegetable tissue composed of spherical cells.

*964

*997

Sulphur (native)

Talc.

of the sea

1028

845

Box (Dutch)

1*398

Lignum Vitæ

1333

Mahogany.

1'063

old

. 1170

Sphæ'ronites (Gr. sphaira), in geology, a group of fossil Echinodermata found in the Silurian and Devonian strata.

*997 Sphærula'cea (Gr.), in zoology, a family of Foraminifera, comprising the genera Miliola, Melenia, Saracenaria, and Textularia.

Sphæ'rulite (Gr. sphaira, and lithos a stone), a mineral which occurs in small botryoidal and spheroidal

U

masses, composed of silica, alumina, potash and soda, magnesia, oxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 2'4; H = 7-7.5

Sphec'idæ, a family of hymenopterous insects, of which Sphex is the genus. Sphene (Gr. sphen a wedge), a mineral of a foliated texture and vitreous lustre; an oxide of titanium.

Spheno- (Gr.), in anatomy, a prefix to compound words, implying connection with or relation to the sphenoid bone; as, Spheno-maxillary, belonging to the sphenoid and jaw bones;-Spheno-parietal, belonging to the sphenoid and parietal bones ;Spheno-temporal, belonging to the sphenoid and temporal bones.

Sphenoid (Gr.sphen, and eidos likeness), in anatomy, a bone at the base of the cranium.

Sphere (Gr. sphaira), in geometry, a solid body bounded by a surface of which every point is equally distant from the centre within a globe. In astronomy, the concave expanse of the heavens. In geology, the representation of the earth on the surface of a globe. Spherical trigonometry is the science of spherical triangles.Armillary sphere, an artificial representation of the circles of the sphere by means of brass rings.

Spherics, the doctrine and properties of the sphere; spherical trigonometry. -Spherical angle is an angle formed on the surface of a sphere by the intersection of two great circles, or circles whose planes pass through the

centre.

Spheroid (Gr. sphaira, and eidos a likeness), in geometry, a solid approaching the figure of a sphere, produced by the revolution of a semiellipsis about its axis.

Spherom'eter (Gr. sphaira, and metron a measure), an instrument for measuring the thickness of small bodies, the dimensions of a sphere, the curvature of optical glasses, &c.

Spherostil'bite, a mineral that occurs in globular masses, which present a radiated structure and a brilliant fracture.

Spherulite (Gr. sphaira, and lithos a stone), in mineralogy, obsidian or pearl-stone.

Sphincter (Gr. sphincho to close), in anatomy, a general name for those muscles which close or contract the orifices they surround.

Sphragis'tics (Gr. sphragis a seal), the science of seals; the knowledge or study of seals and autographs. Sphygmom'eter (Gr.), an instrument for counting arterial pulsations and measuring their strength.

Spica (Lat. an ear of corn), in surgery, a bandage, so called from its turns being thought to resemble the rows of an ear of corn. In astronomy, Spica Virginis is the name of a bright fixed star of the first magnitude.Spicular, resembling a dart; having sharp points.

Spicca'to (Ital.), in music, a term directing a division of the notes distinctly from each other.

Spiculum (Lat. a dart), in surgery, a small pointed piece of bone or other hard matter.

Spigelia'ceæ, a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of shrubs or subshrubs, of which Spigelia is the type, Spikelet (Lat. spica), in botany, a small cluster of flowers, as in grasses. Spikenard (Lat. spica nardi), a perennial plant or shrub; the oil or balsam produced from the plant.

Spilus (Gr. spilos a spot), in pathology, a partial thickening of the rete mu

cosum.

Spina Bif'da (Lat. spina a thorn, bis twice, and findo to cleave), in pathology, a disease attended with an incomplete state of some of the vertebræ, and a fluid swelling.

Spinal Cord, in anatomy, that part of the nervous system contained in the canal of the vertebral column.Spinal system of nerves, in anatomy, the nerves which convey impressions to and from the spinal cord. Spindle (Sax.), in geometry, a solid generated by the evolution of a curve line about its base. In mechanics, the axis of a wheel or roller. Spine (Lat. spina), in anatomy, the vertebral column or backbone. Spinel'lane, in mineralogy, a dodecahedral variety of zoolite, composed of soda, silica, alumina, lime, oxide of iron, sulphuric acid, and water: sp. gr. 2.28.-Dana.

or

Spinelle (Fr.), in mineralogy, a crystallized ruby; a mineral exhibiting various shades of red, violet, yellow; composition-alumina, magnesia, silica, lime, and protoxide of iron: sp. gr. 3'5; H 8.0. Spinthere (Fr.), a mineral of a greenishgrey colour, found in the department of the Isère, in France. Spi'racle (Lat. spiro to breathe), a term applied to the external openings of the air-tubes of insects.

Spiral (Lat. spira a spire), in geometry, the name given to a class of curves distinguished by the general property of continually receding from a centre or pole, while they continue to revolve about it.

Spirit Level, in surveying and levelling, an instrument for determining a plane parallel to the horizon, consisting of a tube of glass nearly filled with spirit of wine, and hermetically sealed, so that when placed in an exactly horizontal position the bubble of air in the liquid stands exactly in the centre of the tube. Spirito'so, or Con Spirito (Ital.), in music, a term denoting a movement to be spiritedly performed. Spirom'eter (Lat. spiro to breathe, and Gr. metron a measure), in pathology, an instrument for measuring the quantity of air employed in respiration, and the capacity of the lungs. Spiru'lidæ, a family of polythalamous, decapodous, dibranchiate Cephalopods, of which Spirula is the only genus.

Spis'situde (Lat. spissus thick), in chemistry and medicine, a term applied to substances which are neither perfectly solid nor perfectly liquid. Splanchnography, Splanchnology (Gr. splanchna the bowels), that part of anatomy which treats of the viscera. Splanchnotomy (Gr.), dissection anatomy of the viscera. Spleen (Gr.), a spongy viscus of an oval form.

or

Splenal'gia (Gr. splen the spleen, and algos pain), in pathology, a painful affection of the spleen.

Splene'tis (Gr. splen), in pathology, inflammation of the spleen. Splenic apoplexy is one of the disorders peculiar to horned cattle and sheep, which generally results from high feeding, when there is a transudation of blood in the substance of the spleen, accompanied by discharges of fæces and urine tinged with blood, when the animal bellows, moans, and soon dies. Report of the Privy Council on Public Health and Diseases of Cattle.

Sple'nius (Gr. splen), in anatomy, a cervical muscle which brings the head and neck backwards laterally. Spleniza'tion (Gr. splen), in pathology, a change induced in the lungs by inflammation, causing them to resemble the spleen.

Splen'ocele (Gr. splen, and kele a tumour), in pathology, hernia of the spleen.

Splenology (Gr.), a treatise on the spleen.

Splenotomy (Gr. splen, and tome incision), dissection of the spleen. Spod'umene (Gr. spodoo to reduce to ashes), a mineral found in laminated masses, and composed of silica, alumina, lithia, and oxide of iron: sp. gr. 3'0; H=6.5. Spondia'cese, a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of tall trees, of

in flowering plants.

Spring (Sax.), a word from which many useful compounds are formed in mechanical science; as, Spring-balance, a machine in which the elasticity of a spring of tempered steel is employed to measure weight or force; -Spring-box, the cylindrical box which contains the spring of a watch; -Spring-tides, the tides at the new and full moon, when the sun and moon are in a straight line with the earth, and by their joint effect the waters of the ocean are raised.

Spur (Sax.), in architecture, a brace which props the two pillars supporting a wooden bridge. In fortification, a wall that crosses a part of the rampart, and joins the town wall.In machinery, spur-gear are wheels whose axles are parallel to each other, or wheels whose teeth are perpendicular to their axles.

Sputum (Lat. spuo to spit), in pathology, that which is discharged from the mouth in disorders of the breathing organs.

Squal'ide (Lat. squalis a shark), in ichthyology, the Shark family. Squali'næ, a sub-family of the Squalidæ. Squama (Lat. a scale), in botany, an epithet applied to the scale-like plates with which various parts or organs of plants are invested.-In zoology, the term is employed to denote the hard and horny covering of many animals, as in reptiles, fishes, &c. Squamous suture, in anatomy, is the suture between the temporal and parietal bones, the one over. lapping the other like a scale.

Squamose (Lat. squama), in anatomy, an epithet applied to a suture of the cranium, from the edges covering it like the scales of a fish. In botany and zoology, applied to surfaces covered with scales. In conchology,

and

square

-To

Square (Lat. quadratus), in geometry, a right-angled figure, having four equal sides, and as many right angles.-In algebra and arithmetic, the squ root of any quantity is the quantity which, being multiplied into itself, produces the given one. Square number, a number whose root can be exactly found, or the product of a number multiplied by itself. square the circle is to attempt to produce a rectilineal figure equal to a given figure. In architecture, square staff, a piece of wood used for fortifying the angles of plaster-work intended to be papered over.-In military affairs, a form into which troops are disposed on particular occasions, as in resisting a charge of cavalry. Stacca'to (Ital.), in music, a character (1) denoting that the notes over which it is placed should be performed in a separate manner.

Stackhous'eæ, Stackhousia'cese, a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of herbs, occasionally somewhat shrubby.

Stacte (Gr.), the gum that distils from the myrrh tree.

Staff, pl. Staves (Sax. stæf), in music, the five lines, and the spaces between them, on which music is written.-In military science, the officers who are attached to a commander of an army, comprising a quartermastergeneral, adjutant-general, &c.

Stagma (Gr.), in chemistry, any distilled liquor. Stalactite, pl. Stalactites (Gr.stalaktos, from stalasso to drop), in mineralogy, a concretion of carbonate of lime, found pendent, like icicles, from the roofs and sides of arches and caves in calcareous regions.

Stalagmite (Gr. stalagmos a drop), in mineralogy, a stalactitical deposit of carbonate of lime, found upon the floors of calcareous caverns.

Stamen, pl. Stamens (Lat.), in botany, the male apparatus or fertilizing organ of a flower, consisting of filament, anther, and pollen.

Stan'nary (Lat. stannum tin), the tin mines of a district; the royal rights with respect to tin mines.

Stapes (Lat. a stirrup), in anatomy, one of the bones of the internal ear, so called from its shape.

Staph'yline (Gr. staphyle a bunch of grapes), having the form of a bunch of grapes. In anatomy, pertaining to the uvula.

of coleopterous insects which fly with great velocity, and of which the Staphylinus, or Rover Beetle, is the type. Staphylo'ma, or Staphylosis (Gr. staphyle a grape), in pathology, an increase in the size of the cornea of the eye, almost invariably accompanied by more or less opacity.

Staphylon'cus (Gr. staphyle, and onkos a swelling), in pathology, tumefaction of the uvula.

Staphylor'aphy (Gr.staphyle, and raphe a suture), in surgery, an operation for uniting a cleft palate.

Starch, a vegetable product which occurs abundantly in the seeds of the Cerealia, and in many roots, as the potato and arrowroot. Statics (Gr. statike), in physics, that branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium, weight, or pressure of bodies while at rest.

Statistics (Lat.), the science which treats of the condition of a country in relation to its extent, population, and resources.

Stat'uary (Lat. statuarius), a statue or a group of statues; art of carving or of casting statues.

Stau'rolite (Gr. stauros a cross, and lithos a stone), in mineralogy, a silicate of baryta and alumina. Stau'rotide (Gr. stauros), in mineralogy, the prismatic garnet or grenatite. Steam (Sax.), in physics, the elastic fluid into which water is converted by continued application of heat.-Steamengine, an engine acted upon by the expansive force of steam, and employed to impel boats, cars, and other machinery.-Steam-gauge, a contrivance to show the exact amount of pressure of steam.-Steam-gun, an instrument by which balls and other projectiles may be projected by steam.-Steam-whistle, a pipe attached to the boiler of a steamengine, from which steam escapes with a bold, hissing noise. Ste'arate (Gr. stear suet), in chemistry, a salt consisting of stearic acid and a base.

Ste'arine (Gr.), one of the proximate elements of animal fat, as lard, tallow, &c.-Stearic acid is an acid obtained from stearine, an impure variety of which is largely used as a substitute for wax in candle-making. Stearop'tene, a crystalline substance obtained from many of the essential oils. Ste'atite (Gr. stear), in mineralogy, a magnesian mineral of fatty lustre and greasy feel; a kind of soapstone; composition-silica, magnesia, oxide of iron, and water: sp. gr. 2.65. Steat'ocele (Gr. stear, and kele a tumour), in pathology, a hernia or tumour in the scrotum containing fat. Steato'ma (Gr.), an encysted tumour; a species of wen.

Steel (Sax. styl), in metallurgy, iron combined with a portion of carbon; hardened and refined iron.

Steganography (Gr. steganos covered, and graphe writing), the art of writing in secret characters or ciphers. Steganopods (Gr. steganos, and podes feet), a family of Swimming birds. Stegno'sis (Gr.), in pathology, constipation.

Stegnot'ic (Gr.), a binding or costive

medicine.

Stein'erite, in mineralogy, a variety of iolite, of a blue colour. Stein'mannite, a mineral with a fine granular composition and metallic lustre: sp. gr. 6.83; H = 2.5.

Stella (Lat. a star), in surgery, a bandage or roller so as to keep back the shoulders.

Stella'tion (Lat. stella), radiation of light, as from a star. Steller'ide (Lat.), in ichthyology, a family of Radiata, including the Starfishes.

Stellite (Lat. stella), a snow-white translucent mineral observed in the neighbourhood of Kilsyth, near Glas

Steppe (Rus.), in physical geography, a plain of vast extent, uncultivated, but sometimes covered with luxuriant vegetation. In pathology, steppe disease is a dangerous and often fatal disease peculiar to the ox tribe. It proves the most fatal of all cattle plagues when it crosses the Russian frontier into Central Europe.-Report of the Privy Council on Public Health and Diseases of Cattle.

Sterculia'cese (Lat. sterculium a dunghill), an order of exogenous plants, composed of large, umbrageous, tropical trees, of which the Sterculia is genus.

Sterelmintha (Gr. stereos solid, and helmins a worm), parasitic worms. Stereography (Gr. stereos, and graphe description), the representation of solids on a plane. That branch of solid geometry which demonstrates the properties, and shows the construction, of all regularly-defined solids.

Stereom'etry (Gr. stereos, and metron measure), the art of measuring solid bodies. Stereometer is an instrument for determining the specific gravities of bodies.

Stereoscope (Gr. stereos, and skopeo to view), in optics, a binocular instrument for viewing small pictures, consisting of a double tube, through which two objects, taken from different points of view, appear as if concentrated into one, while the relief, or perspective, is so wonderfully brought out as to make the two pictures look like one solid reality, agreeably to the laws of monocular and binocular vision.National Cyc. Suppt.

Stereotomy (Gr.), the art of cutting solid bodies for certain purposes, as walls, arches, &c.

Stereotype (Gr. stereos, and typos type), the art of casting, from movable types, solid metallic plates, to be used in printing. - Stereotypography is stereotype printing.

Sternach'ide (Lat.), a family of apodal fishes.

Stern'bergite, in mineralogy, a foliated ore of silver; composition-silver, iron, and sulphur: sp.gr. 4.2; H = 1'0. Sternum (Lat.), in anatomy, the breastbone; the simple or compound bone which completes the thoracic cage anteriorly. Sternalgia is pain about the sternum.

Sternu'tatory (Lat. sternuo to sneeze), in pharmacy, medicine that provokes sneezing.

Stethom'eter (Gr. stethos the breast, and metron a measure), an instrument for measuring the comparative mobility of the chest in cases of diseases of the lungs.

Stethoscope (Gr. stethos, and skopeo to view), in pathology, an instrument for exploring the chest, or ascertaining its diseases by sounds. Sthenic (Gr. sthenos strength), an epithet applied to diseases which are the result of inflammatory or increased action.

Stib'ium (Lat.), antimony. Stigma, pl. Stig'mata (Gr. a brand), in botany, the upper extremity of the pistil, or that part which receives the pollen.

Stilagina'ceæ (Lat.), a nat. order of exogenous plants, consisting of trees or shrubs, of which the Stilago is the type. Stilbite (Gr. stilbo to glitter), a white mineral of a vitreous lustre, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, and water: sp. gr. 2°0; H = 3.5.

Stil'latory (Lat. stillo to distil), a vessel in which distillation is performed; a laboratory.