imaginary;-Real angles are those which appear in the erection; -Imaginary angles are those which are only subservient to the processes of delineation or construction;-Angle at the centre is an angle formed by two radii drawn from the centre to two adjacent lines;-Angle of the polygon is formed by two of the sides of a polygon;-Angle of the triangle is half the angle of the polygon;Angle of the bastion or flankedangle, that formed by two faces of the bastion;-Diminished angle, the meeting of the outer side of the polygon with the face of the bastion ;Angle of the curtain, or angle of the flank, is made between the curtain and the flank;-Angle of the shoulder, or angle of the épaule, is made by the flank and face of the bastion; -Angle of tenaille is formed by two rasant lines of defence, or faces of two bastions produced; -Angle of the counter-scarp is made by the two sides of the counter-scarp meeting before the line of the curtain;-Angle forming the face is that made by one flank and one face;-Angle of the moat is that made before the curtain where it is intersected; -Re-entering or re-entrant angle, that which has its vertex turned inwards.-Salient angle, that turned outwards towards the field. Craig, Mil. Dict.

Angle Capital, in architecture and sculpture, an Ionic capital, placed on the flank columns of a portico, which has one of its volutes placed horizontally at an angle of 130° with the plane of the frieze.

An'glesite, in mineralogy, native sulphate of lead; so named from the Island of Anglesea, where it occurs in white or yellowish prismatic crystals, with a glassy lustre.

Angola, a light kind of cloth, manufactured from the Angora goat's wool, and used for paletots, cloaks, &c.-Angola weed is the name of a lichen, the Ramolina furfuracea.

Ango'ra Wool, the long white hair of the Angora goat (Capra Angorensis), which is highly appreciated for its silkiness of appearance, and its beautiful adaptation to the manufacture of shawls, lace, braiding, &c. Angostu'ra Bark, an aromatic bitter bark, obtained in South America from the Galipea cusparia or officinalis.

Angsa'va, the name of a red Indian gum, which has some resemblance to dragon's-blood.

Angu, a species of bread produced from the Cassava plant, which is extensively used as food by the in

habitants of South America and the West Indies.

Anguil'la (Lat. an eel), type of the family Anguilliformes or Eels; a name given by Cuvier to the only family of his Malacopterygii Apodes, fishes with elongated forms, and thick and soft skins.

Angui'na (Lat. anguis a snake), a family of Ophidian reptiles, of which Anguis is the genus, now subdivided into Ophiosaurus, Pseudopus, Acontias, and Anguis proper.-Anguiviperæ (Lat. viper-snakes) is the name of a family of venomous serpents, with snake-formed bodies.

Angular Capital, in sculpture and architecture, a term applied to the modern Ionic capital, the volute being placed at an angle of 135° on all the faces. (See Angle Capital.) Anguliferous (Lat. being angulated), in conchology, an epithet applied to a shell which has the last whorl angulated, or to one which is triangular in shape, as the Murex anguliferus. Anguliros'tres (Lat. angled beaks), a tribe of passerine birds, whose beaks are angulated.

An'gulo-den'tate (Lat. angulus, and dens a tooth), in botany, a term applied to leaves angularly toothed. Anhydrite (Gr. without water), in mineralogy, a variety of the sulphate of lime, so called from its having none of the water of crystallization; its fracture is conchoidal and splintery; sp. gr. 2.85.

Anictan'gium (Gr. an open vase), a genus of mosses in which the theca is unenclosed.

An'imal (Lat. anima, the breath of life), in zoology, a living being, with an organized material body, endowed with the powers of sensation, digestion, and voluntary action. In natural history, the animal kingdom forms one of the three grand divisions of material objects; the vegetable and mineral kingdoms forming the other two. According to Cuvier, the primary divisions of the animal kingdom are, the Vertebrata, the Articulata, the Mollusca, and the Radiata.The Vertebrata comprehend those animals with a bony skeleton, consisting of a cranium, spinal column, and four limbs; the classes of which are the Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, and Pisces, described under their respective heads. The Articulata are animals without a skeleton, divided into a number of ring-like segments, having their integuments sometimes hard, and sometimes soft, and the muscles always attached to the envelope; with or without limbs; respir

ing through tracheæ or air-vessels, sometimes through branchiæ; the nervous system composed of two long cords, swelling at intervals into knots or ganglions. Other different classes of the Articulata are, the Annelides, Crustacea, Arachnides, and Insects. The Mollusca are animals without a skeleton, the muscles being attached to the skin; the body almost always covered with a mantle, which is either membraneous, fleshy, or secreting a shell; the nervous system composed of scattered masses, or ganglions, connected by filaments; with distinct organs of digestion, circulation, and respiration. The various classes of the Mollusca are the Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Acephala, Brachiopoda, Cirrhopoda. -The Radiata are animals which have the organs of sensation and motion arranged round a common axis, in two or more rays, or in two or more lines, extending from one extremity to the other; no circulation in vessels. The classes are the Echinodermata, Entozoa, Acalepha, Polypi, and Infusoria. Animal'cula (Lat.), very minute animals, which can scarcely be seen without the aid of a microscope. The Infusoria are examples, to which the reader is referred.

An'imal Heat, in physiology, the natural heat or temperature which animals possess in themselves. This heat is chiefly owing to the production of carbonic acid, by the union of oxygen with the carbon of the blood in the processes of respiration and circulation. The animal temperature in man, and other mammiferous animals, when in health, is from 94° to 100° Fahrenheit.

An'imality (Lat. animal), the vital activity of animal organization.

Animal Magnetism, an agent of a peculiar and mysterious nature, supposed to have a powerful influence on the system, when acted upon by contact or voluntary emotion, on the part of the operator.

An'imal Sub'stances, in physiology, a term applied to substances produced by the operation of the animal functions, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. When in a state of decomposition or putrefaction they produce ammonia (which see). An'ime, a substance derived from the Hymenea courbaril, of a resinous nature, and used in perfumery and the making of plaisters.

An'imism (Lat. anima the soul), in psychology, the doctrine that the living phenomena of organized bodies

are produced by some actuating or vital power distinct from those bodies. In a more limited sense, the doctrine that all the phenomena of the human system are produced by the agency of the soul, the anima mundi. Animism is opposed to materialism.-Animist is one who maintains the doctrine of animism. Anin'ga, a root growing in the West Indies, used in refining sugar. An'ion (Gr. ana and ion, growing upwards), in electricity, an electronegative element; that is, an element which is evolved at the surface where the electrical current enters an electrolyte.-Faraday.

Anisan'thus (Gr. anisos unequal, and anthos a flower), in botany, a genus of ornamental bulbous-rooted plants, of the order Irideæ.

An'ise (Gr. and Arab.), in botany, a genus of annual plants, originally brought from Egypt, but now extensively cultivated in Europe. The seeds possess an agreeable aromatic odour; in medicine, they are carminative, and useful in dyspepsia. An'iso, a Greek prefix, signifying unequal, of frequent use in botany and natural history: as anisocheles, unequally serrated; anisodon, unequally toothed; anisomerus, consisting of unequal parts; anisomericus, having the parts unequally disposed; anisopetalus, having unequal petals; anisophyllus, unequally leaved; &c. Anisodac'tyli (Gr. unequal digits), in ornithology, an order of birds with unequal toes, the various genera of which consist of small birds, with beautiful plumage.

Anisodyn'amous (Gr. having unequal power), in botany, an epithet applied to endogenous plants, which, having only one cotyledon, or seed-lobe, grow at first with more force on one side of their axis than on the other.

Anisopeta'lum (Gr. unequal petals), a genus of plants with bulbous roots and little erect spikes of brownish flowers; order Orchidaceæ.

Anisostem'onous, in botany, applied to a flower whose stamens correspond neither with the calyx nor corolla in number or power.

Anisostomid'eæ (Gr. unequal cutting), in entomology, a family of insects, of the order Coleoptera.

Anisos'tomous, in botany, denotes that the divisions of a calyx or corolla are unequal.

Annealing (Sax. burning), the heating and tempering of glass, &c., for the purpose of rendering it less Annelida, Annelidans, An'nelids, Annella'ta, Annulo'sans (Gr. ring-like), in zoology, names given to a division of the Articulata, or articulate animals, comprising the common earth-worm and the various allied animals.

Annoťto, a red colouring matter, obtained from the seeds of the Bixa, and used in the colouring of cheese, butter, &c.

An'nuent (Lat. bending), in anatomy, a term applied to the muscles that assist in bending the head forward, as in nodding or bowing.

An'nular Crystal (Lat. annulus a ring), a hexagonal prism with six, or an octohedral prism with eight, marginal faces, disposed in a ring about each base.

Annula'ria, in geology, a genus of fossil plants, with leaves arranged in ringlike whorls.

An'nular Lig'ament, in anatomy, the circular band that unites the iris and the sclerotic membrane to the choroid coat of the eye.

Annula'ta (Lat. ringed), in zoology, the first class of Cuvier's third division of the animal kingdom, the Articulata; they are nearly all aquatic, with the exception of the Lumbrici, or earth-worms.

An'nulet (Lat. a little ring), in architecture, a small square moulding, accompanying another; a term of frequent use in heraldry, as a mark of family distinction.

An'nulus (Lat. a ring), in anatomy, a ring-like opening, asthe annulus abdominalis, or the abdominal ring, the opening through which the spermatic cord in man, and the circular ligament of the uterus in woman, passes, formed by the separation of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen. It is through this opening that the intestines protrude in inguinal rupture. - In botany, the annulus is the membrane which encircles the stem of the fungus.-In natural history, annulus has a variety of useful combinations: as, annulicaudus, ring-tailed; annulicornis, having ringed-horns or antennæ; annulifereus, bearing rings; annulipes, ring-footed. In anatomy, annulus foraminis is the muscular margin of the foramen ovale, or opening situated in the partition separating the right and left auricles in the fœtus; annulus ovalis is the ring that surrounds the fossa ovalis, or oval depression, presented by the septum of the right auricle. Ano'a, a ruminating animal. An'odyne (Gr. without pain), a medi

cine which assuages pain, by the application of paregorics, narcotics, or soporifics.-Anodynous, allaying pain.

An'olis, a genus of saurian reptiles, belonging to the Iguana family. Anomali'na (Gr. irregular), a genus of fossil shells found in the tertiary strata of the earth's formation.

Ano'mia (Gr. without rule), a genus of Acephalus testacea, of the family Ostraceæ or Oysters. The Anomile is a fossil species of Anomia. Anomodon'tia (Gr. irregularity of teeth), in palæontology, an extinct order of reptiles, with teeth wanting, and other irregularities of form. Anomop'teris (Gr. an irregular fern), a fossil fern found in the New Red sandstone formation.

Anomorhomboid (Gr. irregular rhomboid), the name of a crystalline spar, of no regular form, but always fracturing into irregular rhomboids. Anomou'ra (Gr. irregularly tailed), a section of ten-footed Crustaceans, with tails of intermediate lengths, as the hermit-crab.

Ano'na (Lat.), in botany, the name of the custard-apple. Anona'cese (Malay), a nat. order of exogenous evergreen plants, of which the Anona, or custard-apple, is the type.

Anoplothe'rium (Gr. unarmed wild beast), in geology, an extinct herbivorous animal, shaped like a pig, and found in the tertiary strata near Paris.

Anoplu'res (Gr. without weapon or tail), in entomology, an order of parasitic insects without wings or sting.

Anop'sy (Gr. wanting sight), a visual defect, in which the eye and orbit are wanting. Anorex'y (Gr.), want of appetite. Anorthite (Gr. not right), a siliceous mineral, a variety of felspar, without right angles in its crystals; composed of silica, alumina, lime, mag

nesia, and oxide of iron. Anos'mia (Gr.), loss of smelling. Anos'toma (Gr. an upward mouth), in malacology, a genus of univalve testacea.

Ano'tis (Gr. without an ear), a pretty little plant, which flowers from June to September; order Rubiaceæ.De Candolle.

Anou'ra, the name of a family of batrachian reptiles, which lose the tail on arriving at full age.

Ansel'lia, a genus of plants, with large showy flowers, discovered at Fernando Po by Mr. Ansell, whose name it bears; order Orchidaceæ.

An'seres (Lat. geese), in ornithology, the third order in the Linnæan systom, including all the web-footed water-fowls, of which Anser, a goose, is the type; fam. Anatidæ. Antacids, in medicine, alkaline or carbonic substances, to acidity.

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An'tæ (Lat.), in architecture, pilasters, or door-posts, supporting the lintels attached to a wall; the pier-formed ends of the side walls of temples, when prolonged beyond the face of the walls.

Antal'kaline (Gr. anti against, and Arab. alkali), in pathology and chemistry, a medicine to neutralize the presence of alkalies.

Antarctic (Gr. opposite the Bear), relating to the south pole, or to the region within the antarctic circle. An'tares, a star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Scorpio. Ante, a Latin prefix, signifying before. Antecians (Gr. dwelling opposite), in geography, those inhabitants of the earth under the same meridian and at the same distance from the equator, but on opposite sides, one party north, the other south. They have the same hours of day and night, but different seasons; it being winter with one when it is summer with the other.

Antediluvian (Lat.), a term relating to things existing before the Deluge. Ant-eggs, in entomology, little white balls, found in the hillocks of ants, usually supposd to be their eggs, but which in fact are the young brood in their embryo state.

An'tefixe (Lat.), in architecture, ornamental blocks placed at intervals on the cornice along the sides of a roof; likewise heads of animals placed as water-spouts below the eaves of temples, cathedrals, and churches.

An'telope, in zoology, a genus of ruminating animals.

An'te-mural, in architecture, an outer or boundary wall.

Anten'næ (Lat.), in entomology and ichthyology, hornlike processes on the heads of certain insects and crustaceans, which serve as tentacles or feelers.

Antephia'tic (Gr.), efficacious against the nightmare.

Antes (Lat.), in architecture, square pillars on each side of the doors of temples, or at the front of a building. Antes tature (Lat. standing before), in military science, a small entrenchment, consisting of sacks of earth, or palisados, thrown up hastily as a

Anthobran'chia (Gr. flower-gills), in ichthyology, a family of Mollusca, which have their branchiæ in the form of panicles.

Anthocarpus (Gr. Aower-fruit), in botany, a term applied to fruits formed of masses of inflorescence in a state of cohesion, as the pine-apple and fir-cone.

Anthoceph'alous (Gr. flower-headed), having a head formed like a flower. Anthoce'ros (Gr. a horn-like ficwer), a plant, of the order Cryptogamiæ hepaticæ.

Anthochæ'ra (Gr.), a large-sized tenuirostral bird, of the family Meliphagidæ or Honey-suckers.

Anthocyanine (Gr. blue flower), the blue colouring matter of plants. Antho'dium (Gr. full of flowers), the inflorescence of a compound flower. An'thodon (Gr. tooth-flower), a genus of shrubs, of S. America; order Hippocrataceæ.

An'tholites (Gr. flower-stones), in geology, a fossil plant found in the coal formation.

Anthology (Gr. discourse on flowers), a work which treats on choice flowers; a collection of flowers, or elegant ex

tera according to Cuvier's arrange

ment.

Anthophyl'lite (Gr. leaf-stone), the prismatic Schiller spar; a massive mineral of a yellowish grey colour, consisting of silica, alumina, oxide of iron, magnesia, lime, and oxide of manganese; sp. gr. 3.

Anthophyllum (Gr. a flower leaf), in zoology, the name of a lamelliferous coral, of a conical shape, found in the Palæozoic formation.

Anthospermum (Gr. a flower seed), a heath-like shrub (the amber tree), from the Cape of Good Hope. Anthos'toma (Gr. a flower-like mouth),

a family of Entozoaria. Anthoxan'thine (Gr. yellow flower), a genus of plants (spring-grass), with sweetly-scented leaves and yellow flowers; order Gramineæ.

Anthozo'a (Gr. animal flowers), in natural history, a class of Polypes, which resemble flowers, as the Actinia and allied species.

Anthracid'eæ, a tribe of dipterous insects, of which Anthrax is the type. An'thracite (Gr. anthrax charcoal), a variety of coal, consisting chiefly of carbon; it has the shining appearance of black-lead. There are several varieties of coal which go by this name, particularly in Ireland, Wales, and North America.

Anthracom'eter (Gr. anthrax, and metron a measure), an instrument for determining the quantity of carbonic acid which exists in any gaseous admixture.

Anthrac'onite (Gr.), a dark-coloured calcareous spar, with a compact fracture and glimmering lustre.

Anthracothe'rium (Gr. anthrax, and therion a wild beast), an extinct genus of mammiferous animals, many species of which have been discovered in the lignite of the gypseous strata of Paris and Tuscany; some of the appearance of the hog or hippopotamus.

Anthrax (Gr.), a hard inflammatory tumour, a carbuncle. In zoology, a genus of dipterous insects, type of tribe Anthracideæ.

Anthropogeny (Gr. generation of man), the study of human generation. Anthropoglottis (Gr. tongue of man), in zoology, an appellation given to animals which have tongues resembling that of man.

Anthropography (Gr.), a description of the varieties of the human race.

Anthrop'olite (Gr.), any stone which contains the remains of man, like those found in the island of Guadaloupe.

Anthropology (Gr.), the science which

treats of the physical and intellectual properties of man.

Anthropop'athy (Gr. feeling of man), human passions or affections. Anthropophagy (Gr. anthropos, and phago to eat), eating of human flesh; cannibalism.-Anthropophagi, maneaters, cannibals. Anthropos'copy (Gr. inspection of man), the art of discovering a man's character by the lineaments of his body. Anthroposophy (Gr. anthropos, and sophia wisdom), the knowledge of the nature of man or of human nature.

Anthroposomatology (Gr. anthropos, and soma the body), a discourse on the structure of the human body. Anthus (Lat.), in ornithology, a genus of insectivorous birds, allied to the Wagtails; sub-fam. Motacillinæ. Anthyllis (Gr. a downy flower), a leguminous plant, the kidney vetch; order Leguminosæ., Anthysteric (Gr. anti, and hystera the womb), in pathology, applied to medicine used against hysteria.

Anti, a Greek prefix to numerous scientific words, signifying against, or opposed to.

Anti'ades (Gr.), the tonsils or almonds of the ear.-Antiaditis, inflammation of the tonsils. Antiadonicus, swelling of the tonsils.

Anti'aris (Jav. antiar), the name of the far-famed upas poison tree of Java, the juice of which is of a most deadly nature. It attains a large growth, and its exhalations produce very unpleasant effects to those who remain long in its vicinity; order Urticaceæ. -Antiarine is the active

principle of the upas poison. Antiarthritic (Gr.), curing gout. Antiasthma'tic (Gr.), preventing or curing asthma

Antiattrition, a compound of plumbago and some oily substance, applied to machinery to prevent friction.

Antibrach'ium (Lat. the upper part of the arm), in anatomy, the forearm articulating with the upper arm and the hand.

Anticachec'tics (Gr.), in pathology, remedies for a disordered state of the body.

Anticardium (Gr. anti, and kardia the heart), the pit of the stomach; the hollow part below the breast.

Antich'ronism (Gr. anti, and chronos time), deviation from the right order of time; anachronism.

Anticipant (Lat. conceiving beforehand), in pathology, a term applied to an attack of a periodic disease earlier than its wonted return, or to the paroxysm of a fever, &c., recurring