at a shorter interval than the preceding.

Anticlinal (Gr. anti, and Lat. inclino to incline), in geology, a term denoting an axis or imaginary line, where strata dip in opposite directions. The line of a ridge or bend in strata is denominated the Anticlinal line. Anticor (Gr. anti, and cor the heart), an inflammatory swelling in the chest of a horse, near the heart Antidota'rium (Lat. a laboratory), a dispensatory.

Antidysenter'ia (Gr. anti, and dysenteria flux), in pathology, applied to medicines used in the cure of dysentery.

Antidysu'ric (Gr. anti, and dysuros difficult urination), applies to medicine used in the cure of dysentery. Antienneahe'dral (Gr.), in crystallography, having nine faces on two opposite parts of the crystal.

Antifeb'rile (Gr. good against fever), in pathology, applied to medicines in cases of fever.

Antigalactic (Gr. anti, and gala milk), a medicine which tends to diminish the secretion of milk.

Antihelix (Gr. anti, and helix gyration), the semi-circular prominence of the ear, situated before and within the helix.

Anti-icteric (Gr. anti, and ikteros jaundice), a medicine for curing the jaundice.

Antilith'ic (Gr.anti, and lithos a stone), in pathology, a remedy for stone in the bladder, or for gravel. Antim'eter (Gr. anti, and metron a measure), in optics an instrument for the precise measurement of angles. Antimonious Acid (Gr.), an acid consisting of two equivalents of antimony and four of oxygen.-Antimonite is a compound of antimonious acid and a base; the grey ore or sulphate of antimony, extensively used for commercial purposes.

An'timony, in mineralogy, a brittle metal, of a white silvery colour, with a brilliant lustre. After being fused, it crystallizes into an octahedron. Antimony occurs in the mineral state as a sulphuret, associated with quartz, sulphate of barytes, carbonate of lime, &c. According to Dr. Ure, the ore consists of 72.86 parts of the metal, and 27 14 of sulphur; sp. gr. 413. Antimony combines with all metals, even gold, and is one of the principal in type metal, Britannia metal, &c. Of the chemical combinations of antimony, the following may be enumerated :Bromide of antimony, consisting of bromide 64.3, antimony 35.7.

Crude antimony, 2 atoms of sulphur = 16; 2 atoms of antimony = 128; atomic weight 64.-Deutoxide of antimony, 2 atoms of oxygen = 16; 1 atom of antimony = 64; atomic weight 80.- Iodide of antimony consists of iodine 747, antimony 25.3. -Perchloride of antimony, 5 atoms of chlorine = 180; 2 atoms of antimony

128; atomic weight 308.- Peroxide, or Glass of antimony, 5 atoms of oxygen = 40; 2 atoms of antimony = 64; atomic weight 168. Sesquichloride of antimony, 3 atoms of chlorine = 108; 2 atoms of antimony = 128; atomic weight 236.- Sesquioxide of antimony, consisting of 3 atoms of oxygen = 24; 2 atoms of antimony = 128; atomic weight 152.

The preparations of antimony, used in medicine, are numerous, among which the following may be mentioned, viz., the Sulphuret of antimony, Precipitate of antimony, Tartarized antimony, Wine of Tartarized antimony, and Powder of antimony. The only salt of antimony, which has been found of any importance, is tartarized antimony, commonly known as tartar emetic.

An'timony Yellow, a preparation of antimony, of a durable colour, used in enamel and porcelain painting. Anti'pathes (Gr.), a genus of corals allied to the Gorgonia. Anti-peristaltic (Gr. antı, and peristallo to contract around), in pathology, a term applied to a reversed action of the bowels; opposed to the vermicular motion.

Anti-phlogis'tian (Gr. anti, and phlogistos burnt), an opponent of the theory of combustion; also, any medicine that tends to counteract preternatural heat.

Antipodes (Gr. anti, and podes feet), in geography or cosmology, those people who stand on opposite sides of the globe; as the inhabitants of New Zealand.

Antique Bronze, in the arts, an alloy of copper and tin, used for statuary, casts, &c.

Antiquities (Lat. antiquus ancient), the remains of science and art, which have been transmitted to us by the ancients, comprehending their monuments, coins, inscriptions, edifices, literature, offices, habiliments, weapons, manners, ceremonies, laws, religion, &c.

Antirrhinum (Gr. anti, and rhin a snout), a genus of pretty flowering plants, of the order of ScrophulaAntis (Lat.), in architecture, a term applied to a portico, when pillars are placed in a line in front.

Antis'cii, or Antis'cians (Gr. anti, and skic a shadow), in geography, the people who inhabit different sides of the equator, and whose shadows at mid-day extend in different directions.

Antiscorbutics (Gr. anti, and scorbutus scurvy), medicines for the cure of scurvy.

Antiseptic (Gr. anti, and sepo to putrefy), in pathology, a remedy against putrefaction. The principal antiseptic medicines are alcohol, anthemis, assafœtida, camphor, cinchona, and cusparia.

Antis'pasis (Gr. anti, and spao to draw), in pathology, a revulsion of the humours to other parts. Antispastics are medicines which cause a revulsion.

Antispasmodics (Gr.), medicines to relieve cramp or spasms of the muscles.

Antisyphilitic (Gr.), antivenereal; efficacious against syphilis.

Antithe'nar (Gr. anti, and thenar the sole of the foot or palm of the hand), in anatomy, the name of two muscles, the abductors of the thumb and of the great toe.

Antitrag'icus (Gr.), a muscle of the

outer ear.

An'tlia (Gr. a baling out), in entomology, the spiral apparatus by which butterflies and other insects pump up the juices of plants.

Antœ'ci (Gr. anti, and oikeo to inhabit), in geography, those people who inhabit the same meridian, but on the opposite side of the equator. Antri'tis (Lat. a cave), in pathology, inflammation in any cavity of the body.

Antrum (Lat. a cave), in anatomy, a term applied to certain cavities of the body.

Antwerp Blue, a colour rather lighter in tint than Prussian blue. Antwerp Brown, a colour made by painters from asphaltum ground in drying oil.

Anus (Lat.), in anatomy, the lower orifice of the visceral duct or rectum; the fundament.

Aorta (Gr. aeiro to take up or carry), in anatomy, the great vessel which arises from the left ventricle of the heart, and conveys the blood through the arteries to every part of the body. It is the main trunk of the arterial system, which rises behind the pulmonary artery.-Aortitis, inflammation of the aorta.

Apag'ma (Gr. a breaking from), in

pathology, the fracture of a bone, or a forcing out from its proper place. Apa'telite (Gr. a deceiving stone), in mineralogy, a hydrous sulphate of peroxide of iron.

a

Apatite (Gr. apatao to deceive), variety of phosphate of lime, crystallized in six-sided prisms. It consists of lime and phosphoric, fluoric, and muriatic acids; sp. gr. 3.25.

Apep'sy (Gr.), want of digestion. (See Dyspepsy.)

Apetale (Gr. without flower-leaves), in botany, the third grand division of the Dicotyledons, comprehending those plants whose flowers are without petals. Apetalous is an epithet applied to this class of plants.

Aphanip'tera (Gr. obscurely winged), in entomology, an order of insects, of which the common house-flea is the type.

Aphan'isite (Gr. not bright), a copper ore, of a dark bluish green, consisting of arsenic acid and oxide of copper.

Aphanis'tic, in mineralogy, not distinct. Aph'anite (Gr. obscure), in mineralogy, a variety of the hornblende. Aphelion (Gr. apo, and helios the sun), in astronomy, that point of the orbit of a planet or comet which is farthest from the sun.

Aphel'lan, a bright star in the constellation Gemini. Aph'ides, Aphid'ii (Gr. aphis the plantlouse, or vine-fretter), a family of hymenopterous insects, furnished with two elytra and two wings, and antennæ with ten or eleven joints; generally known by the name of wood-lice. The Aphidiphagi are a family of coleopterous insects which live on the Aphides. Aphidiv'orous (Gr. aphis, and Lat. voro to devour), in entomology, feeding on the aphis, as the lady-bird. Aphlogistic (Gr. without flame), uninflammable; without flame or fire; applied to the safety lamp invented by Sir H. Davy.

Apho'nia, or Aphony (Gr. without voice), the loss of speech or voice. Aph'rite (Gr. foam), in mineralogy, a species of carbonate of lime (earthfoam), of a frothy silvery appearance. Aph'rizite (Gr. ut supra), a variety of black tourmaline. Aphrod'itæ (Gr. like Venus), a fam. of dorsibranchiate Annelides, adorned with shining silken hairs or bristles, of which the Aphrodite is the genus or type.

Aphrodite (Gr.), a silicate of magnesia. Aphtha (Gr. inflammation), in pathology, a disease (the thrush), in which small white ulcers appear upon the

gums, tongue, lips, and palate.-Aphthous, partaking of the nature of aphtha; ulcerated in the mouth or throat.

Aphthæ (Gr. to fasten upon), small

white ulcers inside the mouth. Aphyllæ (Gr. without leaves), in botany, a class of the second grand division of plants, the Cellulares, comprehending those which have no leaves, as the Algæ, Fungi, and Lichens. Aphyllous, having no leaves.

Apiaria (Lat. apis a bee), bees which live either solitary or in communities, containing the genera Xylocopa, Bombus, and Apis.

Apic'ra (Gr.), a genus of Cape plants, which resemble the aloe, but want its bitterness; order Hemerocallideæ. Ap'idæ (Lat. apis a bee), a section of bees, which constitute the Anthophila of some naturalists.

Apiocrinite (Gr. apion a pear, and krinon a lily), in geology, a genus of fossil Crinoidians, shaped like a pear at the top.

A'pion (Gr.), a genus of coleopterous insects; fam. Curculionidæ.

Apis (Lat. a bee), a genus of hymenopterous insects; fam. Anthophila. Apis'tes (Gr. treacherous), in ichthyology, a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, remarkable for a strong suborbital spine, with which they can inflict severe wounds when handled; fam. Scoropænidæ.

A'pium, a genus of umbelliferous plants; celery, much used as a salad. Aplanatic (Gr. without deviation), in optics, applied to glasses contrived to correct the abberration of the rays of light.

Aploceros (Gr. a simple horn), a genus of ovine antelopes, consisting of three species; order Rodentia.

Aplodon'tia (Gr. simple tooth), a genus of Rodents, allied to the sand-rats. Aplo'me (Gr.), a dodecahedral or twelvesided variety of the garnet. Aplysia (Gr. a priv., and plyzo to wash), in botany, an inferior kind of sponges. -In zoology, a genus of marine slugs, type of the sub-family Aplysianeæ, of the tribe Tectibranchia or Seaslugs.

Apnea (Gr.), loss of breath; suffocation. Apo, a Greek preposition signifying from, often used as a prefix to scientific terms.

Apocarpous (Gr. apo, and karpos fruit), in botany, a term applied to flowers and fruits in which the carpels are separate.

Apocom'etry (Gr.), the art of measuring distant objects.

Apocyn'eæ (Gr.), in botany, an extensive

order of exogenous plants, consisting chiefly of tropical shrubs and trees, which possess powerful medicinal qualities; Apocynum, or dog's bane, being the type.

Ap'oda (Gr. without feet), in zoology, a term applying to different orders and classes of animals :-1st, the class Echinodermata;-2nd, a section of Lizards;-3rd, a family of Serpents;4th, a family of Batrachians; -5th, Linnæus' first order of Fishes;-6th, a sub-order of the Malacopterygii. All these are characterized by the want of feet, or of ventral fins. Apodes (Gr. ut supra), in ichthyology, an order of fishes, consisting of those which have anguilliform bodies, are without ventral fins, and have the branchial aperture spiracled.

Apogee (Gr. from the earth), in astronomy, the point of the orbit of a planet which is at the greatest distance from the earth.

Apogon (Gr. without a beard), a genus of small red-coloured acanthopterygious fishes; family Percidæ or Perches.

Apolep'sy (Gr.), an obstruction of the blood.

Apol'ysis (Gr. releasing), in pathology, debility of limbs, or looseness of bandages.

Apomecom'etry (Gr. mekos distance, and metron measure), measuring from a distance.

Aponeuro'sis (Gr. apo, and neuron a nerve), in anatomy, a fibrous or tendonous expansion of a nerve, tendon, or chord, which, when it occurs in the thigh, is termed the fascia lata.

Apoph'ygy (Gr. escape), in architecture, that part of the column where it begins to spring out of its base; sometimes called the spring of the column.

Apophyllite (Gr. apo, and phyllon a leaf), a mineral, which occurs in square prisms, the solid angles of which are replaced by triangular planes, which, by a deeper replacement, assume the form of rhombic planes. It exfoliates before the blowpipe, hence the name apophyllite. The name ichthyophthalmite, or fisheye stone, is given to it from its pearly-like lustre. A specimen from Iceland consisted of potash, silica, lime, and water. Apophysis (Gr. apo, and phyo to produce), in anatomy, a term signifying a process, protuberance, or projection of a bone or other part. In botany, a fleshy tubercle, situated under the basis of the pericarp of certain mosses.

D

Apoplexy. (Gr. apo, and plesso to strike), in pathology, a disorder which suddenly strikes the brain, and takes away all consciousness and power of voluntary motion, during which the patient lies in a somnolent state, though the action of the heart and lungs still continues.

Aporobranchi'ata, or Aporobran'chians (Gr. wanting gills), in natural history, an order of Arachnides, or Spiders, which have no stigmata or respiratory organs upon the surface of the body.

Apostasis (Gr. a throwing off), the termination or crisis of a disease by secretion; the throwing off of exfoliated or fractured bones; an abscess. -Apostematous, pertaining to an abscess.

Apothecary's Weight, in pharmacy, the weight by which drugs are dispensed. -Like the common troy weight, it contains only twelve ounces to the pound, and differs from it only in its minor subdivisions. The Apothecaries' Company is one of the City Companies of London, who are the vendors of genuine medicines, and have also the power of examining and licensing dispensers of medicine in town and country.

Apotome, or Apotomy (Gr. a cutting from), in mathematics, the remainders of, or difference between, two incommensurable quantities.

Apotrep'sis (Gr. apo, and trepo to return), in pathology, the solution of a suppurating tumour.-Hooper. Apparatus (Lat. a preparation), an instrument for the performance of any operation or function.-In surgery, the term is applied to certain methods of performing operations. Pneumatic apparatus consists of certain contrivances for collecting the gases from chemical processes, and experimentalizing thereon.

Appendic'ulate (Lat. furnished with appendages), in botany, an epithet applied to stalks or leaves which have one or more additional organs attached. In anatomy, Appendicula epiploicæ are small appendages of the rectum and colon, which are filled with adipose matter, and produced by the peritoneal tunic.

Appoggiata (Ital. a prop or support), in music, a gently blended utterance of the tone.

Appoggiatu'ra (Ital.), in music, a small note, by way of embellishment, before one of longer duration.

Approach'es, in military science and fortification, the trenches excavated during a siege, by which the assail

ants can advance to the foot of the walls, under a covered way, without being exposed to the fire of the defenders.

Apron (Gael. apran), a term of frequent use in the mechanical arts and practical science. In naval architecture, it is a piece of curved timber fixed above the foremost end of the keel, behind the lower part of the stern.-In gunnery, it is a piece of lead to cover the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance. In naval matters, it is a platform or flooring of plank raised at the entrance of a dock a little higher than the bottom, against which the dock gates are shut.-In carpentry, it is a horizontal piece of timber, in wooden flighted stairs, used for the support of the carriage pieces or rough strings and joistings in the half spaces or landings.-In carriage building, a piece of leather or other material used in an open carriage as a defence from dust or rain. Apron-lining is the facing of the apron-piece. Ap'sides, sing. Apsis (Gr. to touch), astronomy, the two extreme and opposite points of the orbit of a planet; that point nearest to the sun being called the perihelion, and that farthest off, the aphelion. In the orbit of the moon the most distant point is denominated the apogee, and the opposite one the perigee. In architecture the apsis is the arched roof of any building, or the canopy of a throne; the inner part of ancient churches, in which the altar was placed; also in which the relics of saints were preserved with religious

in

care.

Ap'tera (Gr. without wings), in entomology, a class of insects which are without wings, as the flea, louse, &c. -Apterology is a discourse on the class Aptera.

Apteryg'ians (Gr. without fins), a class of Mollusca, which comprehends those not adapted for swimming.

Apus (Lat. a small fish), a name generally applied to those leaf-footed Entomostraca that inhabit pools, ditches, and stagnant waters. Apyrex'ia (Gr.), in pathology, the intromission of fever or of the ague. Apyrous (Gr.), capable of resisting the action of fire; formerly applied to those minerals which endure a strong heat without change, as asbestos. Aqua (Lat. water), a term much used in medical and chemical preparations, and Anglicised in various compounds, as aquafortis (Lat. strong water), nitric acid; aqua mirabilis, a medical water; aqua regia, nitromuriatic acid; aqua aëris fixi, carbonic acid; aqua alkalinamuriatica, a bleaching liquid, prepared from muriate of soda and powdered manganese; aqua Benedicti Rolandi, a solution of crocus of antimony in wine; aqua fernelii, a mixture of corrosive sublimate and lime water; aqua florum aurantium, orangeflower water; aqua græca, a weak solution of the nitrate of silver; aqua grysea, an aqueous solution of nitrate of mercury; aqua rose, rose water; aqua sappharina, or aqua cærula, blue eye-water, made by mixing sal ammoniac with lime-water; aqua vegeto-minerale (Goulard water), made of lead and vinegar. The artificial waters are:-aqua distillata, distilled - water; aqua tosti panis, toast-water; aqua calcis, lime-water; aqua picis, or picis liquide, tarwater; aqua mentha piperita, peppermint-water; aqua menthæ viridis, spearmint-water; aqua pimenta, allspice-water.

Aquæduc'tus (Lat.), in anatomy, a term applied to various channels or canals in the animal system, and more especially to the human body, as the Aqueductus Fallopii, which winds through the petrous portion of the temporal bone;-Aquæductus vestibuli, a canal which commences in the vestibule of the internal ear, and terminates between the layers of the dura-mater;-Aquæductus cochleæ, a foramen of the temporal bone, for the entrance and exit of the bloodvessels connected with the ear;Aquæductus Sylvii, the passage or canal which extends from the under and back parts of the brain into the fourth ventricle.

Aqua-Mari'na (Lat. sea-water), in mineralogy, a stone of a bluish-green, of the colour of sea-water; the beryl.

Aquarium (Lat. aqua water), an artificial pond or cistern for cultivating aquatic plants or small marine animals, usually made of glass or other materials, so that the objects contained therein are fully exposed to the view of the spectators; a Vivarium. There are two kinds of aquaria (says the editor of the "National Cycl. Supp."), viz., Marine Aquaria, which contain sea-water, and are intended for the preservation of marine animals; and Fresh-water Aquaria, intended for lacustrine and fluviatile animals. The fresh-water aquarium is the easiest to manage; for the marine aquarium must be filled with sea-water, either real or artificial, which is often difficult to supply. Aquarius (Lat. water-carrier), in as

Aquatil'lia (Lat.), a name given by different naturalists to sections, tribes, or families of birds, crustacea, mollusca, and hemipterous insects, all of which live in water.

Aqua-tinta (Lat. aqua, and Ital. tinta), in the arts, a mode of etching which produces the appearance of Indianink drawings.

Aqua-toffa'nia (Lat. and Ital.), a poisonous fluid, prepared by a woman named Toffana, of Naples, who is said to have destroyed upwards of 600 persons with it. Aqua-vitæ (Lat. water of life), a name applied to brandy or spirit of wine. Aq'ueduct (Lat.), an artificial channel

for water.

A'queous Humour of the eye, a transparent limpid fluid which fills the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens.

Aquifolia'cese (Lat. water-leaves), in botany, a nat. order of plants, belonging to the polycarpous division of polypetalous Exogens, of which the Aquifolium, or common holly, is the type.

Aquila (Lat. an eagle), in astronomy, the name of a constellation near Capricornus and Aquarius. Aquilaria'ceæ, or Aquilari'nese (Lat.), in botany, a nat. order of tubuliferous Exogens, of which the Aquilaria, or eagle-wood, is the type.

Aquilegio (Lat.), a genus of herbaceous plants.

Aquili'ne (Lat.), in ornithology, a subfamily of the Falconidæ, or Falcons, including the Eagles, and various genera, all consisting of large birds. Aquilon (Lat.), the north wind. Arabesque (Fr.), a style of ornamental architecture attributed to the Arabians.

Arabid'eæ (Arab.), in botany, a tribe of plants of the order Cruciferæ, of which the Arabis, or wall-cress, is the type. Arabine (Arab.), the mucilage of gum Senegal, gum Arabic, and of linseed. Arabo-Tedes'co (Arab. and Germ.), in architecture, a peculiar style consisting of German Gothic, with Moorish or degraded Grecian. Arachis (Gr. without branches), in botany, a genus of papilionaceous plants, the earth-nut; order, Leguminosæ.

Arach'nida, or Arach'nides (Gr. like