metallic shades of green and blue; the genus Buprestes is the type of the family. Burette (Fr.), in chemistry and assaying, an instrument for dividing a portion of liquid into decimal parts. Burgundy Pitch, the juice of the Pinus abies, chiefly used in pharmacy as a plaster on the chest for coughs, &c. Burman'niæ, in botany, a nat. order of epigynous Exogens; herbaceous plants, with tufted radicles. Burrh Stone, in mineralogy, pure silex, used as mill-stone. Bursæ Muco'sæ, in anatomy, mucus bags, or small sacs, situated about the joints. Bursa'ria (Lat. a pouch), in entomology, a genus of Infusoria. Bursera'ceæ, a nat. order of calyciflorous Exogens, of which the Bursera is the type; they consist chiefly of trees and shrubs, which abound, in balsamic resin. Bus'tamite, a mineral occurring in prismatic crystals of a pale grey-greenish or reddish colour. It consists of silica, protoxide of manganese, lime, and protoxide of iron. Buteoni'næ, a sub-family of the Falconidæ (the Buzzards), of slender form, with long wings; order Rap tores. Butyrates, a genus of salts, formed by the combination of butyric acid with salifiable bases. Butyric acid is an acid existing in butter, urine, and the gastric juice, composed of 8 atoms of carbon, 3 of oxygen, and 6 of hydrogen. Buxus (Gr.), in botany, a genus of plants, the box tree. - Buxus sempervirens is one of the most useful of evergreen shrubs. The dwarf variety is used almost universally as a border-edging in the gardens of Europe. Byrrhidæ, in entomology, a family of clavicorn coleopterous insects, of which Byrrhus is the type. It includes anumber of genera, the larvæ of some of which are very destructive in our museums, by feeding on the skins of birds, preserved insects, &c. a Byssa'ceæ (Gr. and Lat. byssus fine flax), a tribe of cryptogamic plants, including, among others, the genus Rhizomorpha, phosphorescent, fibrous, silky-looking plant, often of great beauty, found in mines and dark places, and frequently on decayed wood. Bys'sifers, a family of acephalous Mollusca, including those bivalves which, like the mussel, &c.; are attached to foreign substances by a byssus. Bys'solite (Gr. byssos, and lithos a stone), a mineral of a fibrous, silklike texture, existing in the Alpine mountains. Byssus (Gr. fine flax), a bunch of silklike fibres, by which many bivalves adhere to other substances without the shell itself being deprived of the power of locomotion; as the pinna, the pearl, and hammer oyster. Byttnera'ceæ, a nat. order of plants, of which Byttneria is the type, consisting of trees and shrubs, chiefly tropical. C. white calcedony. Cabacal'li (Sp.), a wood of British Gui-Cach'olong, in mineralogy, a milkana, which is impregnated with a bitter principle that protects it against the ravages of worms. Cabbage-palm, a genus of palm trees, the Areca. Cabbage-wood is the wood of the cabbage-palm, sometimes used in the manufacture of cabinet-work. Cabbling, in metallurgy, a process by which flat masses of iron are broken into pieces, and after being reheated are wrought into bar-iron. Cabomba'ceæ, in botany, a nat. order of hypogynous Exogens, the Watershields, consisting of aquatic plants, allied to the Water-lilies. Cach'alot, in ichthyology, a genus of Cetacea, the Sperm whale. Cachex'y (Gr.), in pathology, a bad state of body, arising from scurvy, syphilis, or other disorder. Cacochymy (Gr. bad chyme), in pathology, an unhealthy state of the fluids of the body. Cacodyl (Gr. ill-smelling), a preparation of volatile arsenic, which produces a liquor of very fetid odour. Cacoon, a commercial name for the seeds of the Entada gigalobium, used for making scent-bottles, purses, &c. Cacophony (Gr. kakos bad, and phone sound), a harshness of sound in the tones of music, or pronunciation of words. In medicine, a depraved or altered state of the voice. Cacoplastic (Gr. kakos, and plasso to form), in physiology, having a defective organization. Cactaceae (Gr.), a nat. order of epigynous Exogens, of which the Cactus is the type. Cactus (Gr. so named by Theophrastus), a genus of pretty flowering plants, the Melon-thistle or Indian Fig of America, which comprehends a vast number of genera and species; order Cactaceæ. Cadaver'ic (Lat. cadaver a corpse), in anatomy, a term applied to the venom which exudes from a dead body, and which often proves fatal to those who happen to wound themselves by the instrument used in the dissection of a human body. Caden'za (Ital.), a musical cadence; the modulation of the voice in singing. Cad'mia, a mineral; the recrement of copper; an oxide of zinc, which collects on the sides of furnaces when zınc is sublimed. Cad'mium (Lat. brass ore), a white metal found among the ores of zinc, having a strong resemblance to tin, but harder; sp. gr. 86. It has various compounds; as, Oxide of cadmium, consisting of I atom of cadmium 55.8 + 1 of oxygen = 8, making its atomic weight = 63.8;Chloride of cadmium, I atom of cadmium and I of chlorine = 35°42; atomic weight 9122;-Iodide of cadmium, I atom of cadmium and I of iodine 126'3; atomic weight = 1821; - Sulphuret of cadmium, I atom of cadmium and I of sulphur = 161; atomic weight = 71.9. Cæcum (Lat. cæcus blind), in anatomy, a tube with a closed end, especially applied to a part of the intestinal canal. Caen Stone, a fine white stone brought from Normandy, much used in Gothic structures. Cænozo'ic (Gr. new life), in geology, a term applied to the tertiary strata, which include the most recent remains of animal life. Gæsalpin'ieæ, a sub-order of leguminous plants, of which Cæsalpinia is the type. Cæsarian Operation, a term in surgery, applied to the operation of cutting a child out of the womb when the life of the mother is in danger, so called from Julius Cæsar having been thus brought into existence. Caffe'in, a bitter substance obtained from coffee and tea. It is composed of 8 atoms of carbon, 3 of hydrogen, 2 of nitrogen, and 2 of oxygen. Cain'cic Acid, in chemistry, an acid obtained from the root of the cainca, a Brazilian plant, used in intermittent fevers. Cairngorm, in mineralogy, a variety of topaz, or rock crystal, obtained from a mountain in Perthshire, Scotland. Caisson, in military science, a chest in which bombs, gunpowder, &c., aro placed, for the purpose of explosion. -In civil engineering, a wooden frame used in laying the foundation of bridges. Caj'aputi, an East Indian tree, the Melaleuca cajaputi, from the leaves of which the volatile oil cajeput is obtained. Calabash, a tree, the Crescentia cujete, inhabiting the tropical parts of Ame rica, and bearing a gourd-like fruit, filled with a sourish pulp, eaten by the negroes; the shells are used as bottles for holding liquids; order Crescentiaceæ. Caladi'eæ, in botany, a family of plants belonging to the nat. order Araceæ, of which the Caladium is the type. Cal'amine (Lat.), in mineralogy, a native carbonate of zinc; when reduced to a powder by roasting it is called calamina preparata. Cal'amite, a species of mineral, hornblende. In geology, a species of fossil plants, occurring in the coal formation. Calamus (Gr. a reed), in botany, a genus of East Indian palms, one species of which attains a height of 500 feet. A sort of sweet-scented calamus, used as a perfume, is mentioned in Scripture (Exod. xxx. 23). -The Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) is a British species of the Aroideæ, growing in pools. In anatomy, Calamus scriptorius is a groove with a pen-like termination, situated in the fourth ventricle. In zoology, Calamus isa genus of fishes belonging to the Chætodon family; sub-family Sparianeæ. Calan'dra, in entomology, a genus of coleopterous insects, one species of which, C. granaria, in the larva state, is very destructive in our granaries; another species, C. oryra, attacks rice; fam. Rhynchophora. Cal'carate (Lat.), similar to or having a spur. Calca'reo-argilla'ceous (Lat. calx chalk, and Gr. argil whiteness), in mineralogy, consisting of lime and clay. Calca'reo-sili'ceous (Lat. calx, and silex flint), consisting of lime and silex. Calca'reo-sulphurous, having lime and sulphur in combination. Calcedon, with jewellers, a foul vein, like calcedony, occurring in some precious stones. Calced'onite, a mineral of a bright green or bluish colour, found at Leadhills in Scotland. Calced'ony (from Chalcedon in Asia), in mineralogy, a hard precious stone, composed of 84 parts of silica and rổ of alumina, frequently botryoidal or stalactitic, generally semi-transparent, and of various colours. Its varieties are agate, onyx, plasma, heliotrope, and cornelian. Calceolaria (Lat. a slipper), a genus of plants from S. America, the Slipperwort, extensively cultivated as garden flowers; order Scrophulariaceæ. Calcification (Lat. calx chalk, and facio to make), in chemistry, a hardening by the deposition of salts of lime.Calcify is to change into lime. Calcina'tion (Lat. calx), in chemistry, the process of subjecting a body to an intense degree of heat, to drive off its volatile parts. The fixed residues of such bodies as have undergone combustion are termed calces, or more generally oxides. Calci'ner, in mineralogy, the name of a furnace where minerals are pulverized by heat. Calcium (Lat. calx lime or chalk), in chemistry, the metallic base of lime. It is a bright metal, white as silver, which burns when heated a little, and lime is re-formed. Sir H. Davy calculates that 20 parts of calcium combine with about 75 of oxygen. Its chemical compounds are as follow: -Protoxide of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of oxygen = 8; atomic weight=28.5;-Peroxide of calcium, I atom of calcium and 2 of oxygen; atomic weight = 36.5;-Chloride of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of chlorine 35.42; atomic weight 5549; Iodide of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of iodine = 126'3; atomic weight = 146.8;-Bromide of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of bromine 784; atomic weight = 98.9;-Fluoride of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of fluorine = 18.68; atomic weight = 39.18;-Sulphuret of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of sulphur 161; atomic weight = 36.6;-Bisulphuret of calcium, 1 atom of calcium and 2 of sulphur = 32.2; atomic weight = 527;-Quintosulphuret of calcium, 1 atom of calcium and 5 of sulphur = 80.5; atomic weight = 101;-Phosphuret of calcium, I atom of calcium and I of phosphorus = 15.7; atomic weight 36.2. Calc-spar, in mineralogy, crystallized carbonate of lime; calcareous spar. Calculating Machine, an implement with toothed wheels for automaton calculation. Calculus (Lat.), in pathology, a term applied to a hard or stony consistence which forms in the bladder. - In mathematics, the differential calculus is the finding an infinitely small quantity, which, being taken an in finite number of times, shall be equal to a given quantity. Cal'edonite, a mineral of a green colour, consisting of the sulphate and carbonate of lead. Calendar (Lat. calenda calends), in chronology, a division of time, or register of the year, in which the months, wecks, days, festivals and holidays, &c., are distinguished.-A calendar month is one of the months consisting of 30 or 31 days, with the exception of February. The Calends (calenda) of Roman chronology, were reckoned backwards; thus the Ist of May begins the calends of May; the 30th of April was the second ot the calends of May; the 29th, the third, &c., to the 13th, where the ides commence, which are also numbered in a retrograde order to the 5th, where the nones begin; and these are numbered after the same manner to the 1st of the month, which is the calends of April; and in the study of Roman history it is necessary that this system of chronologizing events should be clearly understood. Cal'enture (Sp. from Lat. caleo to be hot), in pathology, a violent fever, chiefly affecting sailors in hot climates. Cal'iber, or Calibre (Fr.), in the arts, the bore of a cylindrical tube, especially of a piece of ordnance.Calibre compasses, improperly called callipers, are used by gunners in measuring the diameter of shot and bomb-shells, by engineers and smiths in taking the diameter of round bodies, and by phrenologists in measuring the degrees of development in the various organs of the head. Cal'ico-printing (from Calicut, a city of Hindostan) is the art of printing figures on cotton fabrics, now performed by very ingenious machinery. Cali'go (Lat. darkness), in pathology, a disease of the eye, of which there are different kinds; as, Caligo lentis, true cataract; C. cornea, opacity of the cornea; C. pupillæ, blindness from obstruction in the pupils, &c. Calip'pic Period (from Calippus, the philosopher of Cyzicus), in chronology, a period of 76 years continually recurring, after which it was calculated that the lunations of the moon would return in the same order. Calip'teryx (Gr. kalos beautiful, and pteryx a wing), in entomology, a genus of neuropterous insects, distinguished by their brilliant colours, of the fam. Libellulinæ, or Dragon-flies. Calisthen'ics (Gr. kalos beautiful, and sthenos strength), in gymnastics, exercise of the body and limbs to promote strength and graceful movements. i Calking, in painting, covering the back of a design with black-lead or red chalk, and tracing through it on a waxed plate, by passing over each stroke of the design with a pointed instrument, so as to leave the colour on the plate or wall. Calliope (Gr. a beautiful sight), in astronomy, a planet or asteroid discovered by Hind in 1852. Its mean distance from the sun is 277,870,000 miles, and its periodical revolution 4 years 356 days. Cal'lithrix (Gr. kalos, and thrix hair), in zoology, the Cercopthecus sabæus, or Green Monkey. Callitricha'ceæ (Gr.), in botany, a nat. order of aquatic Exogens (the Starworts), of which the Callitriche, an aquatic plant, is the genus and type. Callus (Lat.), in pathology, a hard deposit; an excess of bony matter, often formed in the uniting of broken bones. Cal'omel (Gr. kalos fair, and melas black), in pharmacy, the chloride of mercury, prepared by rubbing mercury with corrosive sublimate; the mercury being in the proportion of 200 to 36 of chlorine. Caloric (Lat.), in natural philosophy, the principle of heat; the cause of the phenomena or effects popularly recognised as heat; a fluid or condition diffused through all bodies. Calorimeter (Gr. heat-measurer), an apparatus for ascertaining the relative quantities of heat given out in bodies when cooling, from the quantity of ice it melts. Calorimo'tor (Lat. heat-mover), a form of the voltaic apparatus for evolving caloric. Calotte (Fr.), in architecture, a concavity in the form of a cup or niche, lathed and plastered, serving to diminish the height of a chapel, alcove, or cabinet, which otherwise would appear too high for the breadth. Calotype (Gr. beautiful type), a process of photography, in which the picture is produced by the rapid action of light on paper prepared with iodide of silver and gallo-nitrate of silver; sometimes called Talbotype, from the inventor. Caltrop (Sax.), a term applied to a prickly plant, known by the name of Paliurus australis, or Christ's Thorn.-In military science, an implement with four iron points disposed in a triangular form, so that when thrown on the ground one of the points stands upright. Their use is to arrest the advance of cavalry by laming the horses. Calum'ba, in pharmacy, a root, the Cocculus palmatus, used as a tonic medicine. Calu'ria, in botany, the Erica vulgaris, or common Ling, much used for fuel and for making brooms. Calycantha'ceæ (Gr. kalyx, and anthos a flower), a nat. order of rosal Exogens, of which the Calycanthus is the type. Calycera'ceae (Lat.), a nat. order of herbaceous Exogens, allied to the Teazelworts. Calyciflo'ræ (Lat. calyx, and flores flowers), in botany, a division of dichlamydeous Exogens, in which the stamens are placed on the calyx. Calym'ene (Gr. a veil), in geology, a genus of Trilobites, or fossil Crustaceans, found in the silurian rocks. Calypso, in astronomy, a planet or asteroid, discovered by Luther, the German astronomer, in 1858. Calyptræ'idæ, in ichthyology, a family of Gasteropods. Calyp'trate (Gr. kalyptra a covering), in botany, applied to the calyx of plants when it comes off like an extinguisher. Calyx, pl. Cal'yces (Gr. and Lat.), in botany, a flower-cup; the row of leaf-like organs which immediately surround a flower. Cam, in mechanical science, a contrivance for changing a circular motion into an alternate one. Cam'aieu, a kind of painting wherein there is only one colour, a monochrome, chiefly employed in representing basso-relievo. Camber (Fr.), in architecture, the concavity of the under-side of a beam; whence camber-beam, &c.-Camberwindow, among builders, is a window arched above. In shipbuilding, cambered deck is an arched deck declining towards the stem and stern. Cam'bistry (Ital. cambista, from Low Lat. cambio), the science of commercial exchanges, of the relative value of foreign coins, and of weights and measures. Cam'bium, in botany, the mucilaginous fluid that lies between the young wood and the bark of a tree, which appears in the spring, and disappears after the formation of the wood, which then adheres firmly to the bark, but reappears whenever the plant is again called into growth. Camboge, a gum resin, the juice of Stalagmitis cambogioides. Cam'brian (Cambria, the ancient name of Wales), in geology, a name given to a group of rocks of a slaty structure, older than the silurian system. Camel (Lat. camelus), in zoology, a large ruminant animal, type of the family Camelidæ, of great utility in traversing the sandy deserts of the East; by its aid a stout Arabian can travel at the rate of three miles an hour. Camel's hair is a valuable article of commerce, being often as fine as silk, and much longer than sheep's wool.-Camel's hay is the name given to some of the fragrant grasses of the Andropogon genus. Camelopar'dæ, in zoology, a family of Ruminants, the Giraffes, with enormously long necks and long slender legs. The genus consists of two species the Camelopardalis antiquorum, or Northern Giraffe, and Camelopardalis australis, or South African Giraffe. In astronomy, the Camelopard is a constellation of thirty-two stars, situated between Cepheus, Perseus, Ursa Major and Minor, and Draco. Cam'eo (Ital. and Fr.), in the arts, a term applied to gems or precious stones, in which the object represented is worked in relievo, and not in intaglio. Cameralis'tics (Germ.), the science of revenue or public finance. Cam'era Lu'cida (Lat. a light chamber), an optical instrument for the purpose of making the image of any object appear on the wall in a light room, either by day or night. Cam'era Obscu'ra (Lat. a dark chamber), an optical machine, used in a darkened chamber, so that the light coming only through a double convex glass, all objects exposed to daylight, and opposite to the glass, are represented as inverted upon any white substance placed in the focus of the glass. Camouflet (Fr.), in military science, a charge of powder sunk in the wall of earth between two parallel galleries. Campanula'ceæ (Lat. campanula a little bell), in botany, a nat. order of plants, of which Campanula, or Bell-flower, is the type. Campanularia is a genus of corals, in which the polypi assume a bell shape. Camphor (Arab.), in pharmacy, a resinous concrete juice; an exudation from different kinds of Asiatic trees, especially the Laurus camphora of Japan. It is of an acrid taste and keenly penetrating smell, and used medicinally as a stimulant.-Camphoræ flores compositi are the compound flowers of sulphur; camphor sublimed with benzoin. Cam'phorates, in chemistry, salts formed by the combination of any base with the camphoric acid. Camwood, in botany, a species of red dye-wood, chiefly imported from Brazil, and from the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, and principally used for knife-handles, and articles of a similar nature. Can'ada Balsam, an oleo-resin obtained from the Abies balsamifera, which is extensively used for medicinal and manufacturing purposes, and also as a transparent varnish for water-colour drawings. Canal (Lat.canalis, from canna a reed), in anatomy, a duct or vessel în an animal body through which any of the juices flow.-C. arteriosus is a canal or blood-vessel which unites the pulmonary artery and aorta in the fœtus. C. venosus, a canal which conveys the blood from the vena portæ of the liver to the ascending vena cava in the fœtus.-C. petitianus, a triangular cavity formed by the separation of the anterior lamina of the crystalline lens from the posterior.-In hydraulics, Canal lift is a hydro-pneumatic elevator for raising boats from one level to another.Canal lock is a sluice or stop-gate for raising or depressing the water to a certain level, and thus enabling boats to pass through. Cancelli (Lat. lattice-work), in anatomy, the network which forms the least compact part of bones. Cancer (Lat. a crab), in astronomy, one of the twelve signs and the fourth constellation in the zodiac. Tropic of Cancer, a lesser circle of the sphere parallel to the equator.-In zoology, a genus of decapod Crustaceans, the Crab.-In medicine, a roundish, unequal, hard, and livid tumour, generally seated in the glandulous part of the body. Candite, in mineralogy, a variety of the spinel found at Candy in Ceylon. Can'diteers, in fortification, frames to lay fagots or brushwood on, for covering the workmen. Candle or Cannel Coal, in mineralogy, a coal-black bituminous substance, which resembles jet, and does not soil the fingers when handled. The difference between cannel coal and jet exists solely in the presence or absence of foreign earthy matters. Cano'pus, in astronomy, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Argo. Cantan'te, in music, an expression sometimes used to distinguish the vocal part of a composition. Canta'ta (Ital.), a song intermixed with recitatives. Cantharides (Gr.), a family of coleopterous insects, of which Cantharis, or Spanish-fly, is the type. In chemistry, Cantharidine is the active prin |