Malplaquet, battle of (1709), cxvi. 531 Malta, Sir G. C. Lewis' description

of, cxviii. 153-155; success of the Malta Commission, 155 Malt-tax, the, divided opinions of the agricultural interest on, cxxxv. 276; case of its opponents, 277; foreign precedents, 279; progress of the question in Parliament, 281 Malthus (Thomas Robert, 17661835), on the condition of English labourers in the fourteenth century, cxxvi. 64 note

his fears of over-population,

cxl. 383

Man, his history revealed by physical geography, cxii. 300

distinguished from the brute creation, cxv. 101

researches on the early history of, cxvi. 153; theory of three distinct races in Europe, 155; Swedish discoveries, 156; the Turanian family of, ib., 172

twofold aboriginal division of, by Linnæus, exvii. 541; early zoological speculations respecting, 542; discoveries of anthropoïd apes, 543; their geographical distribution, ib.; their skull-formation compared with that of man, 544; the mastoid process, 546; the ape theory of man, ib.; articulate speech viewed as a zoological test, 548; progressive types of brain development, 549; structural peculiarities of the human foot and hand, ib.; their difference from those of the gorilla, 551; modifications of the brain in the Quadrumana, 552; the brain of the chimpanzee, 555; brain classification of the Mammalia, 557; the posterior cornu in men and monkeys, 560; the hippocampus minor' controversy, 561; distinctive structure of the human teeth,

564; origin of man not dependent on structural organisation, 567; his divine faculties peculiar to himself, b.; atheistic tendencies of the transmutation theory, 568 Man, alleged fossil remains of, cxviii. 259; Cuvier's view of his place in creation, 260; Sir Charles Lyell's theory, ib.; discovery of flint implements, ib. (see Perthes, M.); his date, with reference to the Post-Pliocene Age, 266; 'Stratigraphical' evidence of his antiquity, 269; human jaw-bone found in the Moulin - Quignon gravel-beds, 272; its genuineness agreed on, 273; evidence from relics in limestone caverns, 276; his coexistence with the Mammoth, 277; implements found with remains of extinct mammalia, ib.; difficulty of access to the caves, 279; the human skull found at Neanderthal, 280; the sepulchral cave at Aurignac, 283; association of, with extinct species no proof of his remote antiquity, 285; evidence of volcanic deposits, 286; relics of the 'Recent' period of, 289; ancient canoes found at Glasgow, 290; no traces of, in the Newer Pliocene or Glacial Epoch, 294; Biblical chronology of, 296

his relations to the natural world, cxx. 466; opposite theories of Buckle and Marsh, ib.; changes wrought by him on the earth's surface, 469; origin of, beyond human research, ib., 470; primitive aspect of the earth on his his influence upon appearance, ib.; inorganic elements, viz., as miner, mechanician, and engineer, 472489 (see also Climate); his functions as a chemist, ib., 490; his relations to organic existence, 490; power over animal and vegetable life, 491, 494; local exchange of

plants and animals effected by,

ib.

Man, marks of the earliest settle-
ments of, cxxv. 358

savage character of crossed
races, cxxviii. 441

his absorption and storage of
oxygen for vital purposes, cxxx.
150; his relations to woman ex-
amined, 572 sqq.

(Prehistoric), cxxxii. 439;
alleged existence of, during the
Palæolithic age, 443; first appear-
ance in Europe, 448; evidence of
drift-deposits, ib.; bone-caves at
Périgord, 451; flint instruments
therein, 452; similar weapons of
Arctic natives, 453; earliest cave-
dwellers, 459; the Aurignac cave,
ib.; discoveries of skulls, 461;
modes of interment, 462; disap-
pearance of Quaternary man, 463;
the Neolithic age, ib.; polished
stone axes and tumuli, 465;
bronze-using peoples in Switzer-
land, 467

his relations to other forms
of animal creation, cxxxiii. 170
theory of natural selection
applied to, cxxxiv. 197; structural
identity of, with the brute crea-
tion, ib.; doctrine of evolution
thence deduced, 199; physical
differences of, from brutes, 201;
relative brain capacity, 202; his
vast range of intellectual power,
203; a contradiction of the Natural
Selection theory, 204; his faculty
of song, 205; argument of the
structure of the larynx, ib. 206 ;
the theory inadequate, 207; ques-
tion of mental attributes, 208;
articulate speech peculiar to, 210;
origin of his moral sense, 216;
which completely separates him
from brutes, 221; question of
bodily attributes, 222; external
influences on growth, 223; Mr.
Huxley's four races of, viz.,

Australoid, 224; Negroid, Mongo-
loid, and Xanthochroic, 225;
question of migration, ib.; obscu-
rity of his primeval condition,
227; stand-point of natural his-
tory, ib.; Mr. Darwin's theory of
'sexual selection,' 229, 234
Man (Primitive), question of his
savage state, cxxxv. 96; Mr.
Tylor's argument, ib.; tests of
culture, viz., agriculture, 101;
stone and metals, b. 109; savages
a degenerate, not undeveloped,
type, 111; substantial identity of
savage and civilised classes, 116

his faculty of expression by
gesture or speech, cxxxvii. 527

original unity of the race,
cxxxix. 443

proportions of the human
figure, cxl. 175. See Beauty
Man, Isle of, derivation of the name,
cxi. 361

Manchester School of Politicians,
cxxix. 276; agitations of, b.;
their unpopularity during the
Crimean War, 279, 283; defeated
on the China Vote, ib.

their foreign policy, cxxxix.
562; their relations with the
Liberal party, 563
Mancini (Olympia, Comtesse de
Soissons), her personal appearance
and character, cxvi. 504
Manetho (living 304 B.C.), state-
ments of, confirmed by cuneiform
writings, cxi.45; his chronological
lists compared with Herodotus, 52
his Egyptian dynasties, cxvi.

108

worthlessness of his Assyrian
history, cxxv. 120; his list of
anonymous kings, 136

-M. Lenormant's undue eulogy
of, cxxxii. 166; M. Mariette's
alleged discoveries, 167
Manners (Thomas Manners Sutton,
Lord, 1756-1842), his conduct as
Irish Chancellor, cxxxiv. 68

his hypothesis of Moral Miracles,' cxxxii. 360 Mansfield (Sir William, afterwards Lord Sandhurst, b. 1819), on the affair at Dewangiri in the Bhootan War, cxxv. 7

his proposal for limiting the period of regimental commands, cxxxiii. 226

Manso (Giovanni Battista, Marquis, b. 1570), his friendship with Milton, cxi. 345

Mantegna (Andrea, 1431-1506), his services to art at Padua, cxxxv. 143-148

Manteuffel (Baron von), dismissed

from the Prussian ministry, cxxx. 423; Olmütz the cause of his dis426

grace,

Mantua, rival claims to the Duchy of, cxxiii. 37, 38; Papal negotiations thereon, ib. 40; the War of Succession, 47, 53 Manufactures, debilitating effects of toil in, cxi. 2

labour-saving machinery in,

cxxxviii. 347

Manufacturing population, prosperous condition of, compared with agricultural labourers, cxxviii. 489 Manuscripts, close of MS. bibliography in Italy, cxxxvi. 139

(ancient), M. Conches on original autographs, cxxiv. 346; earliest specimens of Roman writing, 356; destroyed by Pope Gregory, ib.; plagiarisms from, ib.

357

exceptional prices of, in early times, cxxxix. 10; trade-prices of, 11; in the Vatican Library, 19, 23 Biblical and classical, compared, cxxxvii. 63. See Classical Manuscripts

(historical), use of, by recent historians, cxiii. 183; temptation to exaggerate their importance, 184

(historical), liable to be overestimated, cxxiv. 476; compared with printed documents, ib.; value of, as regards estimates of character, 477

(historical), commission on, cxxxviii. 2; their third report, ib. ; paucity of private diaries and correspondence, ib.

Manuzio (Aldo, the younger, 1547–

1597), his collection of Christian inscriptions, cxx. 221

Maps, excellence of modern, cxx. 305; the word defined, 306; their value compared with globes, ib.

cadastral and typographical, distinguished, cxviii. 379; their value respecting transfer of land, 401; and for military purposes, 402

Mar (John Erskine, Earl of, 1673–

1732), his dutiful memorial to George I., cxii. 339; escapes to France, 340; accused of treachery by the Jacobites, ib.; his redeeming qualities, 341

Marbœuf or Marbodus (Bishop of

Rennes, d. 1081), his Latin poem
'Lapidarium,' exxiv. 235
Marcel (Stephen), his insurrection

at Paris, cxxxiv. 261, 262
Marcet (Dr.), on supposed lunar in-
fluences on the weather, cxxiv. 52
Maria Theresa (Empress of Aus-
tria, 1717-1780), her scolding
letters to Marie Antoinette, cxxiii.
428; her answer to Louis XVI.
on his accession, 433; her advice
to Marie on her marriage, 440;
Frederick the Great's expression
of dislike for, 516

her flattery of Madame de
Pompadour, cxxv. 505; secures
the Treaty of Versailles, ib.

her policy of State control
over Roman Catholicism, cxxxvii.
538
Maria (Doña, Infanta of Portugal,
daughter of John II.), her mar-
riage and personal attractions,
cxxvii. 2.

Maria (Queen of Portugal, 1818-
1853), her marriage with Prince
Ferdinand, cxxxvi. 391

Maria Lecszinska (Queen of Louis
XV., d. 1768), her marriage,
cxxv. 476; her homely and pa-
tient character, ib. 477; her re-
tired life at Court, 496
Marianus Scotus, cxix. 177
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), re-

cent editions of her correspon-
dence, cxxiii. 423; authenticity of
French versions disputed, 424;
the Vienna edition, ib.; her bad
penmanship, 425; frequency of
letter-writing, ib.; copies ob-
tained by Napoleon, 426; scolded
by Maria Theresa, 428; her let-
ters to her mother, 429; her con-
fidential relations with the Court
Secretary, 430; on the death of
Louis XV., 431, 432; her mar-
riage essentially political, 440;
sinister omens in her life, ib.; her
mother's advice to her on her

marriage, ib. 441; her good qua-
lities as Queen, 444; her insincere
dealings with the Revolution,
445; her trial a mockery of jus-
tice, 447; her letters to her bro-
ther, 448

Marie Antoinette, her improvements
in landscape gardening, cxxiv. 372;
her fondness for flowers, ib.
Marini (Gaetano), his collection of
Christian inscriptions, cxx. 224
Marius (Caius, d. about 86 B.C.), his
character, cxv. 464

Mark (Saint), M. Rénan's description
of his Gospel, cxix. 599

text of his concluding verses,
cxxii. 113; his epithet of 'stump-
fingered,' ib.

pretended autograph of his
Gospel at Venice, cxxiv. 347
Markham (Gervase, 1566-1646), in-
cidents of his life, cxx. 135; on
the merits of the English horse,
136; his supposed duel with Sir
John Holles, 137; his account of
Arab and Barb horses, 138; on
the superiority of English mares,
ib.
Markham (Mr. Clements R.), his
'Travels in Peru and India,' cxviii.
507; his distinguished services in
introducing the Chinchona plant
into India, 508; takes up Dr.
Royle's labours, 514; qualifica-
tions for his mission, ib.; arrival
in Peru,
ib.;
his captivating nar-
rative, 515; his collection of Cara-
vayan plats, ib.; difficulties en-
countered, ib.: his able associates,
516; lands at Calicut for the
Neilgherries, 517; site chosen for
the Chinchona plants at Ootaca-
mund, ib.; success of his operations,
518; his memorandum on Peru-
vian cotton, 521, 522

his Memoir on the Indian
Survey, cxxxv. 196; his patient
industry and skill, 202
Marlborough (John Churchill. Duke

of, 1650-1722), his betrayal of the intended attack on Brest, cxiv. 289, 296; his character by Bolingbroke, ib.; Swift's satire on him, 291

Marlborough (John Churchill, Duke

of), his campaign of 1704 with Eugene, cxvi. 516; plans the capture of Toulon, 521; his victory at Oudenarde, 524; plan of battle at Malplaquet, 533; his brilliant strategy at Bouchain, 536; superior as a strategist to Eugene, 546; limits to his military genius, 547

-anecdotes of, cxix. 332

historical estimates of, cxxxii. 521, 522; his military genius examined, 523; Lord Stanhope's panegyric of, ib.; St. Simon's remark on, 525; relations with Eugene, 526; treachery to the Pretender, ib.; ambiguous conduct to the Whigs, 528; an avaricious trimmer, 529 Marlborough (George, 3rd Duke of, 1739-1817), his collection of gems at Blenheim, cxxiv. 522 Marlborough College, mixture of classical and modern education at, cxx. 176

Marliano, Milanese inventor

of

professional education of women,

596

Marriage, mysterious character of the Sacrament of, cxxxvi. 278 Marriages with the blood-royal, inconvenience of, illustrated, cxxiii. 261, 263

Marriage with a wife's sister, religious considerations imported into the controversy, cxviii. 554

Roman law of, cxiv. 479; rule thereof, transplanted into England, ib.; cxv. 206 Marriage-Service, the, proposed amendment of, cxxvi. 504

Marriage, Laws of, confused state of, in the three kingdoms, cxxx. 255; vicious changes in 1754, ib.; the Commission of 1865, and Report, 256; early solemnities attached to marriage in England, 257; precontracts of marriage, ib.; reforms by Cromwell, 259; custom of banns, ib.; infamous Fleet marriages, ib.; mischievous limit of the Canon Law, ib.; Lord Hardwicke's Act of 1754 criticised, 260; its repeal in 1823, 262; civil marriages introduced for the benefit of Nonconformists, 263; inadequate provisions for notice of marriage, 264; intricacy of formalities, 266; defects of, summarised, 267; loose customs of, in Scotland, 268; Gretna Green marriages, ib.; Scottish marriage law described, 269; irregular marriages, 270; principle of consent, ib.; 'habit and repute,' 271; judgment of Lord Deas, ib.; mischievous sanction of loose contracts, 272; cases cited as instances, 273; arguments for Scottish law examined, 274; evils of consent per verba de præsenti, 275; laxity of Irish marriage law, 276; its sectarian principles, 278; narrow scope of the code of 1844, ib.; privileges of the Established Church, 279; and of Irish