tioned above is probably the Hadschi Chalipha of Herbelet, Reishe, Köhler, &c.

Before the French attack, the Vatican library was in posses sion of seventy-one Coptic manuscripts: it has now only fiftytwo. Of the nineteen seized, no one reaches above the tenth century. Five are biblical manuscripts, but it is not mentioned whether they are in the Memphitical or Saidical dialect. The subjects of the rest, except one, which is a very important one, being a Coptic and Arabic lexicon, are homilies of the Greek fathers and legends of the saints. The dictionary was written in the fourteenth century. All the Abyssinian or Ethiopian manuscripts, only twelve in number, were seized: their age is somewhere in the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries.

The library at Paris, when it was under a royal name, possessed a great number of Chinese manuscripts, and hence out of three hundred and ninety-two in the Vatican, eleven only were selected. These contain some Chinese and Latin dictionaries, and translations from historical books, made by bishop Visdelow, who lived many years as missionary in China.

Of at least two thousand five hundred and eight Greek manuscripts in the Vatican, the French have seized only one hundred and thirty-three. The biblical manuscripts are all left, except one, which contains the whole Bible, and is marked 1209. This is the famous Cod. Vatic. and equal honour may be expected to be paid to this manuscript at Paris, as to the Cod. Alexandrin. of equal age and similar contents in our metropolis. Some fragments of Dio Cassius of the fifth century fell also a prey to the French, and the best Greek manuscripts are now to be found at Paris. In No. 318 are several geographical tracts of the eleventh century, not used by Hudson in his Geographiæ Vet. Script. Gr. minor. which the literati of France will, we doubt not, bring forward to the public.

In Latin manuscripts the Vatican abounded, but of at least ten thousand five hundred and ninety-eight, only one hundred and seventy-six were taken, but these were of the greatest importance. The capital manuscript of Virgil of the seventh century, and the Terence of the tenth century, Horace of the eleventh, Cæsar of the twelfth, Plautus of the eleventh, Pliny of the tenth, Ovid of the twelfth, and many other first-rate manuscripts, have travelled to Paris, and with them Bedæ Chronicon of the ninth century, and Gesta Francorum of the tenth, Gregory of Tours of the ninth, Leges Wisigothorum of the eighth century, and many

reached us, and the present work is merely a transcript from others which particularly relate to the French history. The Codex Palatino Vatican. 24, in which Bruns found the fragment of Livy that had never been printed, escaped the notice of the commissaries.

Books in modern languages were also seized. Brunetti Latini's work in old French, Le Tresor, of which a copy was found in Carlsruhe by Molter, and a collection of the poets and romance writers of Provence, were naturally in this number; to which we may add Dante's comedies, copied by Boccacio; Sanazario's Arcadia, in his own hand-writing; and Michael Angelo's letters, also in his own hand-writing. The letters of our Henry the Eighth, which were shewn to every visitor of the Vatican, are now to be seen only at Paris. One biblical manuscript only was in the number, No. 392, of the eighth century, containing the Epistles of St. Paul.

Old printed books were also taken, of the fifteenth century, to the number of 136; several of which are mentioned by Panzer in his Annal. Typograph.: Pomponius Mela de situ Órbis, Mediolani, 1471, 4to. Ovidii Metamorphos. Romæ, 1471, fol. Catulli et Statii opera, Parmæ, 1473; Ciceronis Rhetorica, Romæ, 1475. The oldest book is Liber sextus decretal. Mogunt. 1465. Most of them are Latin and Italian classics printed in Italy. In the account given of these books are many errors of the press: as B. de Breydenbach, instead of Bern. de Brendebach; Breviar. Crestetense, instead of Breviar. Cisterciense; Nicol. de Judeschis, instead of Nicolai de Tudeschis. The place also of the impression, Spiræ, is erroneous; as the editor has forgotten the press of Vindelic de Spira, which was at Venice, and from Spira, the name of a man, was led to Spira, the name of a town. We must not omit to mention that the Samaritan Pentateuch, No. 503 of Kennicott, is now at Paris.

Etrurian vases and coins were seized in abundance. Of the latter there are 113 gold coins from the time of Philip the Elder to that of Constantin Pogonatus; 130 gold coins from Constantius Chlorus to Constantine Dracoses; 156 gold coins from Julius Cæsar to Galienus; 160 gold coins from Septimius Severus to Gordianus Pius; 176 gold coins from Marcus Aurelius to Septimius Severus; 135 gold coins from Pompey to Nerva; 207 gold coins from Trajan to Faustina, Such are the riches obtained by the Parisian library by the plunder of that at Rome, and such are the rights of war. Whether the French are to be justified or not in making the pope pay in this manner for the share he took in the confederacy against them, politicians must decide; but this is certain, that there is no library in the world in which

such easy access would be afforded to these treasures as at Paris.

ART. XV.-Statistic History of France and its Colonies, &c. (Continued from page 485 of our last Appendix.)

IN resuming our account of this work, we cannot hesitate to avail ourselves of our experience to rectify the incorrect opinions expressed in the last Appendix of the Critical Review (with which we had no concern) respecting the population of France. Residing in that country during the period of the cessation of hostilities, we endeavoured to acquire an experimental and particular. knowledge of the present manners, customs, habits, modes of life, opinions and principles of action, pains, pleasures, and domestic economy, of the French people, by divesting ourselves as far as possible of nationality, and of those prejudices which form a striking feature in the English character, and which impede the freedom of communication. This we endeavoured to accomplish by mixing in their societies, parti cipating in their amusements, and, as it were, identifying ourselves with their families and their views. We may therefore be presumed to be better acquainted with the actual state of the French nation, and with the individual subjects of this work, than those who have merely read their writings, or viewed them through a glass at the opera, the promenade, or the restaurateur's. With such experience, confirmed by the personal information of the greater part of the most moderate and best-informed Frenchmen on the state and population of their country, it is not surprising that we look with astonishment on these vain and puerile efforts to exaggerate the number of her inhabitants, and to diminish the enormous contributions levied on an oppressed people. We sincerely pity their condition, and proudly compare it with our own.

But to speak more immediately of this voluminous work, a vast chaos of numbers and names of places. It is evidently compiled by hirelings, little attentive to truth or the operations of nature; who, in obedience to the commands of their master, and in the true spirit of eye-servants, have augmented, curtailed, or discussed at large, the subjects with which he might be most interested and best acquainted; but in what relates to science, to manufactures, agriculture, and rural economy, unless it be treating of the birth-place of some philosopher or soldier who happens to be a favourite of the emperor, carelessness and ignorance are every where conspicuous, and the authors seem entirely devoid of those philosophical views of civilization which are indispensable to the amelioration of human society. The most superficial observation of

the total number of souls given here, compared with that published by the same M. Herbin for the tenth year, will evince the flagrant inconsistency of his statements. In this work the whole number, without including the six departments of Piedmont, is made to be 33,501,694: in the tables of population in the tenth year it was estimated at 33,104,343, a very short time prior to the publication of the present statistic account. The returns from the prefects to the minister of the interior, in August 1802, gave 33,111,962 individuals : those from Piedmont, 1,864,351; but in the tables we find 1,946,800, a difference only of 82,449.

In a list of five hundred towns, that includes all such as contain above one thousand innhabitants, the general total amounts but to 5,405,119. Lavoisier estimated the cities and large towns, without including the cultivators of the land who may dwell therein, at eight millions, and the whole at twenty-five; yet, when the general population is roundly calculated at thirty-five millions, we find these cities and towns do not amount to five millions and a half!! It must be remembered, that it is not in France as in England, where the country is covered with farm-houses; but that, with some trifling exceptions, the population is disposed in villages, generally from two to three leagues distant from each other. If then five hundred of the principal towns contain but 5 millions, it will be difficult to find the remainder of thirty-five millions in these widely-scattered villages of three, four, or five hundred inhabitants each. Indeed it is evident, that the thirty-five millions of our authors exist only on paper, where they will not even require black rye-bread, but which, were they in existence, must very shortly perish for want of sustenance on uncultivated and barren mountains.

According to the estimate of M. Necker, the total number of births for ten years, from 1771 to 1730 inclusive, amounted to 9,409,358; that of the deaths to 8,184,918, giving an increase of 1,224,440. But this very imperfect account takes no notice of the emigrations, armies in America, &c. all of which diminish materially the number of deaths in France. Indeed it is merely calculated to support this minister's popu larity, in an erroneous display of the increasing population, and consequent wealth, of the country. Such have been the modes of taxation in France, that it has invariably been the interest of ministers and farmers-general to augment the actual number of souls, in order to make their impositions on each individual appear less considerable. This custom of estimating the pressure of taxes by dividing the net amount among the supposed number of inhabitants, and the apparently small contribution of each individual ostentatiously

displayed to deceive the vulgar; and lastly, the necessity of filling up the armies by requisitions and conscriptions, together with the national vanity of imaginary greatness, have contributed to swell the numbers of Frenchinen above onethird more than reality. These artful exaggerations, however, have had their effect; and stupid credulity has alarmed the world by the idea of a gigantic power, which has paralysed the sentiment of justice and humanity, and even shaken the confidence in the eventually just dispensations of Providence.

The most candid and accurate observers have allowed that Necker's statement of the population of France was exaggerated about one-fourth and all parties agree in allowing that the revolution has cost the lives of three millions; but many, with much more appearance of truth, contend that above five millions have perished by various means during the revolutionary war. If this be the fact (and the proofs of it are innumerable), it follows that France, with all her conquests and boasts of incalculable legions, cannot now possess, in all her 108 departments, twenty-six millions of souls, nearly two-thirds of which are females. From a general acquaintance with the actual state of the departments of modern France, and much obscrvation on the number of their inhabitants, we can safely give this rule, that by subtracting onethird from the official accounts, we shall approximate nearer to the true number than any other statement hitherto published. A slight inspection of the different official statements of the inhabitants of the larger cities, will be a sufficient proof of their wilful misrepresentations. Thus the population of Lyons has been officially estimated at from 160,000 down to 88,000; Marseilles from 130,000 to 90,000; and Bourdeaux from 150,000 to 78,000. The following is much nearer their actual number: Lyons 68,000; Marseilles 74,coo*; and Bourdeaux 70,000. If such inconsistencies are practised in the enumeration of the inhabitants of large cities, what may not be expected in that of villages and small towns in the interior of the country, little known to strangers, and consequently more liable to every species of imposition? This has been carried to a degree that baffles censure in some of the southeastern departments; where they have given to some communes a population of 1500 souls, which do not in fact contain above thirty poor cabins! We are obliged by want of time to defer the conclusion of this article to our next Appendix. (To be continued)

Marseilles has lost above 5000 by emigration since the commencement of the present war.