BONNYCASTLE-BONPLAND.

BONNIBELL, n. bon'ni-bèl' [F. belle, handsome]: in OE., a handsome or beautiful girl. BON'NILASS, n. -lus [Scot. lass, a maid, a sweetheart]: in OE., a beautiful maid.

BONNYCASTLE, bon'e-kas-sel, CHARLES: mathematician: 1792-1840; b. Woolwich, Eng., son of John B., prof. of mathematics at the Military Acad. at Woolwich. He contributed articles to cyclopedias and periodicals, and assisted his father in compiling mathematical text-books. When the Univ. of Virginia was organized, 1825, he took the chair of natural philosophy, and two years later that of mathematics. He published, beside a number of other mathematical works, a treatise on Inductive Geometry (1832).

BONNY CASTLE, bon'e-kas' sel, JOHN: b. Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire; d. Woolwich, 1821: long prof. of mathematics at the Royal Military Acad., Woolwich. He is known as the author of many excellent elementary works, chiefly mathematical. His Elements of Algebra (2 vols. 8vo, 1813) is specially commended.

BON'NY RIVER: river of Guinea, w. Africa, forming the e. debouchure of the Niger, and falling into the Bight of Biafra, about lat. 4° 30' n., and long. 7° 10' e. It is accessible at all times of the tide to vessels drawing 18 ft., and safe anchorage at all seasons of the year is found within its bar. Its banks are low, swampy, and uncultivated. On the e. side, near its mouth, is the town of B., long notorious as the rendezvous of slave-trading ships. It exports considerable quantities of palm-oil.

BONOMI, bo-no'mě, JOSEPH: Egyptologist: 1796-1878, Apr. 3; b. London; son of Giuseppe B. (1739-1808). B. gained two silver medals when student at the Royal Acad. From 1824 he spent 15 years in Egypt and the East, study. ing hieroglyphics. He was artist of the Prussian expedition to Egypt under Dr. Lepsius, 1842, and curator of the Soane Museum from 1861 till his death. His works are, Nineveh and its Palaces; Discoveries of Botta and Layard applied to the Elucidation of Holy Writ, 1852, and some others.

BONPLAND, bông-plòng, AIMÉ: 1773, Aug. 22–1858 b. La Rochelle, France: botanist. Having studied medicine and botany at Paris, he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt, 1799, to America, where they travelled nearly five years, mostly in Mexico and the Andes, during which time B. collected 6,000 new species of plants. After his return, he was appointed, 1804, director of the gardens at Navarre and Malmaison, and published several splendid and valuable botanical works, Plantes Equinoxiales Recueillies au Mexique, etc. (2 vols., Par. 1808-16, with 140 copperplates); Monographie des Melastomées, etc. (2 vols., Par. 1809-16, with 120 copperplates); and Description des Plantes rares de Navarre et de la Malmaison (11 numbers, Par. 1813-17, with 64 copperplates). He went to Buenos Ayres 1816, with a collection of European plants and fruittrees, was favorably received by the government, and named prof. of natural history. After remaining at Buenos Ayres about five years, B. undertook an expedi

BONSPIEL-BONY PIKE.

tion of scientific discovery up the Paraña, with the view of prosecuting his investigations to the Andes, across the Gran Chaco Desert; but Dr. Francia, then dictator of Paraguay, instead of giving him permission to cross the country, arrested him, after killing some of his men, and kept him prisoner for about nine years, notwithstanding the efforts of the British government, at the instigation of Humboldt, to obtain his release. While detained by Dr. Francia, he acted as physician of a garrison. He obtained his liberty, 1831, Feb. 2, and travelling southward, settled on the s. boundary of Brazil, near the e. bank of the river Uruguay, and in the vicinity of the small town of San Borja. Here he resided till 1853, taking great interest in cultivating and promoting the cultivation of Paraguay tea, and with no desire to return to Europe. In 1853, he removed to a larger estate at Santa Anna, where he busied himself in cultivating orange-trees of his own planting. In 1857 he wrote to Humboldt that he was about to carry his collections and manuscripts to Paris, to deposit them in the Museum there, and that after a short stay in France, he intended to return to Santa Anna; but his voyage was prevented by his death. His remarks on the herbarium collected in his travels with Humboldt have been given to the world by Kunth in his Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (12 vols., Par. 1815-25, 700 plates). See Life by Brunel (3d ed., Par. 1872).

BONSPIEL, n. bon'spěl [Belgic, bonne, a district; spel, play]: a district curling match: see CURLING.

BONTEN, n. bốn tên: a narrow woolen stuff.

BON-TON, n. băng tăng' [F.]: good fashion; the height of fashion.

BONUS, n. bo'nŭs [L. good]: a consideration for some service done; a premium for a loan; an extra dividend to shareholders; a division of the profits of an assurance office to its policy-holders. A bonus, in case of extra profits, takes the place of a formal dividend, as it does not commit the company to a like dividend in future.

BONY: see under BONE.

BONYHAD, bon-yoď, or BONHARD: market-town of Hungary, county of Tolna, 20 m. n.e. from Fünfkirchen. Pop. (1880) 5,970.

BONY PIKE (Lepidosteus): interesting genus of fishes, one of the few existing genera belonging to the order, Ganoid Fishes (q.v.) Other names are Gar and Gar-pike, but not Gar-fish (q.v.) The Long-nosed B. P. or Garpike (L. osseus), attains 5 ft. length and is found from the Great Lakes to Mexico; the Short-nosed Gar-pike (L. platystomus) is found in the Mississippi valley; the Alligator Gar (L. tristœchus), 10 ft., from Ill. to Cuba; all are covered with rhombic enamelled plates. The vertebræ are articulated by ball and socket, and the head is capable of a degree of motion upon the trunk very remarkable among fishes, and compensating for the general stiffness of the mailed body, the skeleton

BONZE-BOOBY.

of which is also bony, and not cartilaginous. The snout is elongated, and the edges of the jaws are furnished with long teeth, the breadth of the snout in some of the species giving it a resemblance to that of the pike. The tail is heterocercal, or unsymmetrical, the caudal rays being inserted not equally above and beneath the termination of the vertical column, but only at and beneath it, a character much more common in fishes of the old red sandstone than in those of the present period. -The species of this genus are moderately numerous, attain a large size, and are found in the rivers and lakes of the warm parts of America.

BONZE, n. bonz, plu. BoNzEs, bon'zes [an alleged cor ruption of Japanese, busso, a pious man; bozu, a priest: F. bonze; Port. bonzo, a bonze]: a name given by Europeans to the heathen priests of Japan, China, etc.: see JAPAN: BUDDHISM.

BOOBY, n. bo'bi [Sp. bobo, foolish: It. babbeo, a simpleton: Gael. bùb, to roar: F. badaud, a dolt-from OF. badau-from mid. L. badare, to gape]: one who gapes in wonder; a dunce; a stupid fellow; a pupil at the foot of a form or class; a water-bird of the gannet tribe.

BOO BY (Sula fusca): species of Gannet (q.v.), which has received this name from its apparent stupidity in allowing itself to be knocked down with a stick or taken by the hand. Accounts differ much, however, as to this character of the B., some representing it as singular in not taking alarm or becoming more wary even when it has had reason to apprehend danger from man; others, as

Audubon, asserting in such a manner as apparently to place it beyond dispute, that it does learn to be upon its guard, and even becomes difficult to approach within reach of shot. The B. is not quite so large as its congener, the common gannet or solan-goose, and, like it, is a bird of powerful wing, and feeds on fish, which it takes by diving into the sea, observing its prey as it sweeps

BOOBY ISLAND-BOODROOM.

along in graceful and varying flight, sometimes at a height of only a foot or two from the surface of the water, sometimes twenty yards above it, and plunging suddenly to seize it. It is sometimes taken, like the gannet, by means of a fish fastened to a board, through which it drives its bill, as it dashes at the bait. The B. is of a blackish-brown color, whitish beneath; its colors are subject to some variation, and in young birds a general brown color prevails; the sexes differ very little, except that the female is not quite so large as the male. It is found on almost all tropical and sub-tropical shores, and sometimes even 200 m. from land. On the e. coast of N. America, it reaches about as far n. as Cape Hatteras, but is much more abundant further s., great numbers breeding on the low islands off the coast of Florida. The nest is often placed upon a low bush, and is large and flat, formed of a few dry sticks, covered and matted with sea-weeds in great quantity. It contains only one egg or young one at a time. The expansibility of the gullet enables the B. to swallow fishes of considerable size. The bill, which is straight, conical, and longer than the head, opens beyond the eyes, as in the rest of this genus. The B. is much persecuted by the Frigate Bird (q.v.) and Man-of-war Bird (q.v.), more powerful birds and of swifter flight than itself, which often compel it to disgorge for their use the prey which it has just swallowed. The flesh of the B., though sometimes eaten by sailors, is dark-colored and not very agreeable. See GANNET.

BOO BY ISL'AND: a level rock in Torres Strait, in lat. 10° 36' s., and long. 141° 53′ e.; 3 ft. in height, and m. in diameter. Being, of course, highly dangerous to navigators, and destitute of resources of its own, it is said to be with some regularity supplied with provisions and water by passing vessels, for the benefit of such as may be cast ashore on it.

BOODHISM: see BUDDHISM.

BOODLE, n. bôd'l [origin doubtful; if from D. boedel, estate, household possessions, stuff, it denotes the whole lot,' then 'the whole company']: term of contempt or of slight for a crowd, gang. In recent slang, money gained in any of the many ways of defrauding the public; e.g., by bribery of officials, selling of votes, collusive contracts, etc.: also counterfeit money.-See CABOODLE.

BOODROOM, BOUDROUм, bo-drôm', or BODRUN, bodron': seaport town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia, finely situated on the n. shore of the Gulf of Kos, about 96 m. s. of Smyrna, in lat. 37° 2' n., and long. 27° 25' e. It is an uninviting place, its streets being narrow and dirty, and its bazaars of the worst class: but as the site of the ancient Halicarnassus, the birthplace of Herodotus and Dionysius, it possesses great interest for the traveller. Many remains of the old city, 'the largest and strongest in all Caria,' bear witness to its former magnificence. A fortress, built by the Knights of Rhodes, 1402, occupies a projecting rock on the e. side of the harbor. Pop. about 5,500.

BOOK.

BOOK, n. búk [AS. boc, a beech-tree, a book: Goth. boka, writing; bokos, the Scriptures: Russ. bukva, the alphabet: Ger. buch; Icel. bók, a book; originally identical with beech-lit., a prepared tablet of beech-wood for writing on]: printed sheets of paper stitched and bound together; a volume or part of a volume; a division of a subject; a register of transactions, as of a trader, etc.: V. to enter or write in a book. BOOK'ING, imp. registering in a book: ADJ. applied to the office at a railway station where the tickets are sold to travellers. BOOKED, pp. bûkt, entered in a book as a passenger by rail, coach, or steamer in virtue of possessing a ticket as an evidence of fare paid; in familiar slang, fixed; disposed of. BOOK'LESS, a. without a book. BOOK' BINDER, n. one whose trade it is to cover the sewed leaves of a book with boards and leather. BOOKBIND'ING, n. the art or process of covering books with boards, or with boards and leather. BOOK-DEBT, money due to a tradesman or dealer for work done, or for goods, as recorded in his books. BOOK-KEEPER, n. the clerk who has the charge of the business books; an accountant. BOOK-KEEPING, n. the method of entering sales of goods, and all kinds of transactions in business, in books in a regular manner. BOOK-LEARNED, a. -lern'ěd, well read in books. BOOK-LEARNING, n. that obtained from books only. BOOKCASE, n. a case for holding books. BookMADNESS: see BIBLIOMANIA. BOOK-NAME, n. in bot. and zool., a name found only in scientific books, and not in use among the people at large. BOOKSELLER, n. one who deals in books. BOOKSTAND, or BOOKSTALL, n. a stand in an open place, or on the street, on which are placed books for sale. BOOKWORM, n. an insect destructive to books; one too much given to books. BOOK ISH, a. -ish, given to reading; acquainted only with books. BooK'ISHLY, ad. -lr. BOOK ISHNESS, n. much devotion to the reading and study of books. BooK LAND, n. [AS. bocland]: charter land, held by deed under certain rents and services. WITHOUT BOOK, by memory. IN BOOKS, in good or bad favor, as having name in the will. TO MAKE A BOOK, in betting transactions, to enter in a pocket-book, made for the purpose, all the bets made by a person for and against a race. NOT SUIT MY BOOK, does not accord with my other arrange. ments. MAKING A BOOK, the arrangement of a person's bets as entered in his pocket-book. BOOK-MATE, a schoolfellow. BRING HIM TO BOOK, to make him give an account or reckoning. WASTE-BOOK, in book-keeping, a book in which daily transactions are roughly noted down to serve a temporary purpose only.

BOOK, the names of sizes of: see under PAPER.

BOOK: a distinct literary production in one or more volumes; but the term is also applied to a treatise, or group of chapters, forming a part of a volume; and traditionally it signifies a narrative, or record of some kind in the form of a roll: 'Lo, a roll of a book was therein; and he spread it before me; and it was written within and without'