BORER-BORGHETTO.

leave Messina, and spent the remainder of his life at Rome, where he had the patronage of Queen Christina of Sweden, and where he died. He carefully observed the motions of the satellites of Jupiter, then little known, and seems to have been the first to discover the parabolic paths of comets. He made valuable observations on a malignant fever in Sicily, and wrote a treatise on causes of such fevers. He wrote also an account of an eruption of Etna, and a number of works on subjects of applied mathematics, of which the most celebrated is that De Motu Animalium (Rome, 1680-1). In this work, he applies the laws of mechanics to the motions of animals, regarding the bones as levers, in which the power acts between the weight and the fulcrum, and endeavoring to calculate the power of muscles from a consideration of their fibrous structure, and the manner in which they are united to the tendons. All more recent authors on this subject have been much indebted to Borelli.

BORER: name common to wood-borers, in part larvæ of moths (e.g., 'the peach-tree B.,' an Ægerian, and one of the locust-tree borers, Xyleutes robinia); but mostly beetlelarvæ of various families, especially the Buprestians and the Capricorns (Cerambycida). Almost every kind of tree is injured by the B. For trees attacked, see U. S. Agri. Rep. 1868. In the family Ptnida are small larvæ that bore the wood work of furniture and houses; some penetrate library books also. The species of different countries are liable to be transported in furniture and lumber. The holes are filled up, as the insect works his way onward, with a fine powder, formed from the wood which it has eaten; and the pupa is formed near the wood surface. The European Anobium striatum is dark brown, and not popular sense of that term. One of the most common British species is Anobium striatum, a dark-brown insect, not

Borer (Anobium striatum),

Natural size, and Magnified.

much above one line in length. The thorax, as in the whole tribe, is proportionately very large, and has a swollen hoodlike appearance, the head being, as it were, received within it. This insect has long been noted for the pertinacity with which it simulates death. This instinct appears to be common to the whole tribe, as it is also to many other insects. Another species of the same genus, Anobium tesselatum, has become an object of interest as one of the insects which, being sometimes heard to make a peculiar ticking noise, are connected with superstitious fancies and fears, and receive the name of Death-watch (q.v.).

BORGHETTO, bor-get'tō: town of Sicily, province of Pa

BORGHESE-BORGHESI.

lermo, 13 m. w.s.w. from Palermo. It is a long straggling town, of mean houses, but picturesquely situated on a wooded cliff overhanging a plain, and itself overhung by a lofty precipice of red rock. Pop. 7,000.

BORGHESE, bor-gā zā: family of great distinction in the republic of Siena, and afterward at Rome.

CAMILLO B. ascended the papal throne 1605 as Paul V., and by him other members of the family were advanced to high positions. A marriage with the heiress of the family of Aldobrandini brought the B. family into the possession of great wealth.

CAMILLO FILIPPO LUDOVICO B., Prince B.: 1775–1832; b. Rome: joined the French army when it invaded Italy; and in 1803 married Pauline, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, and widow of General Leclerc. His wife subsequently received the principality of Guastalla, and he was created Duke of Guastalla, and under the French empire he was for some time gov.gen, of the provinces beyond the Alps. He held his court at Turin, and was very popular among the Piedmontese. He sold the B. collection of artistic treasures to Napoleon for 13,000,000 francs, receiving in part payment the Piedmontese national domains; but when these were reclaimed by the king of Sardinia, 1815, he received back some of the works of ancient art. After the overthrow of Napoleon, he separated from his wife, and broke off all connection with the Bonaparte family. He lost Guastalla, but retained the principalities of Sulmona and Rossano, his hereditary possessions.

The Borghese Palace is one of the most magnificent at Rome. The noble portico of the inner court is composed of 96 granite columns; the collection of paintings is remarkably fine.

BORGHESI, bor-gā'zē, BARTOLOMMEO, Count: 1781. July 11-1860; b. Savignano, central Italy: antiquary. His father, Pietro Borghesi, one of the most accomplished scholars of his time, trained him to an early delight in learned pursuits. He studied at Bologna, and afterward applied himself to archeological researches. He arranged the numismatic collection in Milan, and that of the Vatican, of which he drew up a catalogue. In 1821 he fixed his residence in the republic of San Marino, where he died. The French government undertook the publication of his works, of which 7 vols. appeared 1862-71. His principal work is his Nuori Frammenti Dei Fasti Consolari Capitolini Illustrati (2 vols. Milan, 1818-20). His contributions to Forcel lini's Latin Lexicon are very highly prized

BORGIA.

BORGIA, borja: family originally Spanish, but which acquired great eminence in Italy after the elevation of Alfonso Borgia to the popedom, as Calixtus III., 1455 (d. 1458). He had previously been a privy-councilor of the king of Aragon.

RODRIGO B. ascended the papal throne 1492, Aug., un der the name of Alexander VI. (q.v.). Before his elevation to the popedom, he had a number of children by a Roman woman named Vanozza (Giovanna de' Catanei), of whom two were Cesare and Lucrezia.

CESARE OF CÆSAR B., son of Rodrigo B., was one of the greatest monsters of a time of depravity, when the court of Rome was the scene of all the worst forms of crime. He unscrupulously made use of the most sacred things as means to the most iniquitous ends. He had early received high ecclesiastical preferment, and his father, soon after becoming pope, invested him with the purple. But his father conferring upon his brother Giovanni the Duchy of Benevento, with the counties of Terracina and Pontecorvo, Cæsar, as was believed, moved with envy, caused his brother to be assassinated. He obtained the duchy and counties for himself, and was permitted by his father to resign the purple and to devote himself to the profession of arms. He was sent, 1498, to France, to convey to Louis XII. a bill of divorce and dispensation from his marriage with Anne of Brittany. Louis rewarded him for the pope's complaisance with the Duchy of Valentinois, a body-guard of 100 men, 20,000 livres of yearly revenue, and a promise of support in his schemes of ambition. In 1499, Cæsar married a daughter of the king of Navarre; and accompanied Louis XII. to Italy, where he undertook the conquest of the Romagna for the Holy See. The rightful lords of that country, who fell into his hands, were murdered, notwithstanding that their lives had been guaranteed by his oath. In 1501 he was named by his father Duke of Romagna. In the same year, he wrested the principality of Piombino from Jacopo d'Appiano, but failed in an attempt to acquire Bologna and Florence. He took Camerino, and caused Giulio di Varano, the lord of that town, to be strangled with his two sons. By treachery as much as by violence he made himself master of the Duchy of Urbino. A league of Italian princes was formed to resist him, but he kept them in awe by a body of Swiss troops, till he succeeded in winning some of them over by advantageous offers, employed them against the others, and then treacherously murdered them on the day of the victory, 1502, Dec. 31, at Sinigaglia. He now seized their possessions, and saw no obstacle in the way of his being made king of Romagna, of the March, and of Umbria, when, 1503, Aug. 17, his father died, probably of poison which he had prepared for twelve cardinals. Cæsar, who was a party to the design (and who, like his father, had long been familiar with that mode of dispatching those who stood in the way of his ambition, or whose wealth he desired to obtain), had himself partaken of the poison, and the consequence was a severe illness, at a time when the

BORGNE-BORGO SAN DONINO.

utmost activity and presence of mind were requisite for nis affairs. Enemies rose against him on all hands, and one of the most inveterate of them ascended the papal throne as Julius II. Cæsar was arrested and conveyed to the Castle of Medina Del Campo, in Spain, where he lay imprisoned for two years. At length he contrived to make his escape to the king of Navarre, whom he accompanied in the war against Castile, and was killed, 1507, March 12, by a missile from the Castle of Biano. With all his baseness and cruelty, B. was noticeably free from the vice of intemperance in drink. He loved and patronized learning, and possessed a remarkably ready and persuasive eloquence. Macchiavelli has delineated his character in his Principe.

LUCREZIA B. was a woman of great beauty. She was married first to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, but this marriage was dissolved by the pope. She next married, 1498, Alfonso, Duke of Bisceglie, natural son of Alfonso II. of Naples; but he was assassinated by her brother Cæsar 1501. In 1501, Sep., she married Alphonso of Este, who afterward inherited the duchy of Ferrara. She died 1520. She has doubtless suffered in repute from association with her father and brother, and has been charged with the most detestable crimes, such as incest; but it is now conceded that for such charges there is no proof whatever. She was a patroness of art and learning. See Gregorovius, Lucrezia B. (1874).

BORGNE, born [F.]: a person having but one eye, or who sees with one only. In surgery and anatomy, the word is sometimes used figuratively for blind

BORGNE, born, LAKE: properly not a lake, but rather a bay or sound, in the s.e. of Louisiana, about 12 m. e. of New Orleans. It is connected with the Gulf of Mexico on the n.e., and communicates with Lake Pontchartrain at the n.w. by means of Rigolets Pass, which is about 10 m. long. The length of Lake Borgne is about 60 m.; breadth 15 to

25 m.

BOR GO: name of a number of towns and villages in Italy and southern Tyrol; indicating the growth of the town or village around a castle or castellated rock, the original Borgo. See BOROUGH. Thus, B. di cal Sugana is a place of about 4,000 inhabitants, with a castellated hill, in Tyrol: B. Lavezzaro is an Italian town in the province of Novara, pop. about 3,000: B. San Donino (q.v.), etc.

BORGOGNONE, AMBROSIO (or IL BORGOGNONE); see FOSSANO, AMBROGIO STEFANIDA.

BORGOMANERO, bor-go-má-na'ro: town of n. Italy, province of Novara, 19 m. n.n. w. from Novara; near the left bank of the Agogna. It is a walled town, well built, and contains a communal college and a hospital. It has little trade. Pop. 5,300.

BORGO SAN DONINO, bor'go sán do-něno: city of Italy, province of Parma, 14 m. n. w. from Parma, on the railway between Parma and Piacenza. It is surrounded by walls, has several good streets, is an episcopal see, and has a ca