BOROUGH.

stigma]: a favorite species with twiggy branches, and copious axillary flowers which have a delicious aromatic fragrance.

BOROUGH, n. bŭr'ò [AS. burh or burg, a city: Icel. borg; It. borgo; F. bourg, a town-from Goth, bairgan; AS. beorgan, to protect: mid. L. burgus, a small fortified place, a collection of houses: compare Gael. buar-ach, an inclosure for cattle-from buar, cattle]: formerly a collection of houses inclosed or fortified by a wall, or protected by a burg or castle; a corporate town; a town which sends a burgess to parliament. BOROUGHMONGER, n. [see MONGER]: one who traffics in the patronage of parliamentary boroughs.-Borough is a term of varying application; in general a corporate town or any organized municipality, but in some localities a cluster or close collection of houses. It seems to have meant first a hill, or heap of earth; and it was probably from the elevated positions on which places of defense were erected, that it came to signify a fortification or castle, and latterly the aggregate of houses, churches and other structures, which, in unsettled times, usually gathered under the walls of a castle; together with their inhabitants, and the arrangements for their government. The questions whether municipal corporations are due to Roman, or to Saxon and other Teutonic influences, or to both; and if to both, then to what extent to each, have been keenly discussed by constitutional historians. So far as etymology goes, its authority is almost equally divided, the term municipal, from the Latin municipalis, and city, from civitas, favoring the Roman side, while B. from the root above indicated, and town, from the Saxon tun or dun, a fortified hill, support the Teutonic. On the Roman side, Sir Francis Palgrave is the most uncompromising, while Mr. Allen seems the more judicious champion. The Teutonic side is favored by most of the Anglo-Saxon scholars of England, and in general by German writers. But from whatever source derived, that the boroughs of England existed, not as aggregates of houses merely, but as corporate bodies, in the Saxon time, is now generally admitted. The B. system of Scotland is also of great antiquity. 'A Hanse, or confederation of boroughs for mutual defense and the protection of trade, existed in Scotland, and was known by this name in the reign of David I., about a century before the formation of the Hanseatic League of the continental cities; and the famous burgh laws date from about the same period. This code of Scotch burghal regulation,' in Mr. Innes's opinion, "though collected in the reign of David I. and sanctioned by him, was the result of the experience of the towns of England and Scotland;' and he goes on to show the very close resemblance between these laws and the burghal usages of Newcastle, and even of Winchester, which suggests their common Saxon origin. Mr. Innes speaks favorably of the B. life of our ancestors; and he considers the burgh domestic architecture, of which monuments remain sufficient to show that the burgess of the Reformation period lived in greater decency and comfort than the laird, though without the

BOROUGHBRIDGE-BOROUGH FUND.

numerous following, which no doubt gave dignity if it diminished food. I am not sure that this class has gone on progressively, either in outward signs of comfort, or in education and accomplishment, equal to their neighbors. The reason, I suppose, is obvious. The Scotch burgher, when successful, does not set himself to better his condition and his family within the sphere of his success, but leaves it, and seeks what he deems a higher.' In confirmation of this view, Mr. Innes elsewhere mentions that many of the old citizen-merchants of Edinburgh had studied at the university, and appear in the list of graduates'

Borough, in England, is properly a city or other town that sends burgesses to parliament: see PARLIAMENT.

In the United States, the term B. is applied variously. In Penn. and Minn., B. is an incorporated municipality with less pop. than a city, and differently governed: it is one of the primary divisions of a co. In Conn. and N. J. it is a minor geographical division, usually not politically organized, and including only the region occupied by houses adjoining each other or in a cluster.-See MUNICIPALITY: TOWN: CITY: also BURG: BURGH.

BOROUGHBRIDGE, bur'ō-brij: town in West Riding, Yorkshire, on the right bank of the Ure, here navigable for small craft, 20 m. n. w. of York. It arose simultaneously with the decline of Aldborough, 14 m. to the e., soon after the Conquest, when the great north road was diverted from Aldborough to this place. Its chief trade is in agricultural produce and hardware. Edward II., 1321, defeated the Earl of Lancaster here. Near B. are three immense Druid stones, called the Devil's Arrows,' 16 to 22 ft. high. Pop. of B. 966.

BOROUGH ENGLISH: custom in some ancient boroughs in England, according to which the youngest son inherits the property within borough in preference to his elder brothers. See CUSTOM: GAVELKIND: INHERITANCE.

BOROUGH FUND: certain rents, profits, dividends, interest, etc., payable to certain bodies corporate connected with a borough, required in English law to be paid to the treasurer of the borough. See FUND: CORPORATION: MU

NICIPALITY.

J

BOROUGH JUSTICES-BORROMEAN ISLANDS.

BOROUGH JUSTICES: first created in the time of Charles I.: see JUSTICES.

BOROUGH LAWS: in Scottish legal history, ancient laws relative to boroughs or burghs, which have long ceased to have force, but throw light on the ancient manners and customs of the country. The authenticity of these B. L. is beyond question; they are universally allowed to have been enacted in the reign of King David in the 12th c. See REGIAM MAJESTATEM.

BOROUGH RATE: in England, a rate levied within borough by order of the council of the same. It supplements any deficiency of the Borough fund (q.v.).

BOROVITCHI, bor-o-vit'che: town of Russia, govt. of Novgorod, 98 m. e. of the town of Novgorod, on both sides of the river Msta, near some rapids. Its situation on the great canal and river water-way which connects the Volga with Lake Ladoga, gives it considerable commercial importance. Pop. (1882) 10,375; (1890) 10,994.

BOROVSK, or BOROFSK, bō-rovsk': town of Russia, govt. of Kalouga, 49 m. n.n.e. of the town of Kalouga, jointly with which it gives title to a bishop. It has extensive manufactures of sail-cloth, and a trade in leather, flax, and hemp. Its onions and garlic are celebrated. In its vicinity is a convent, founded 1444, one of the richest in the empire. Pop. (1884) 9,505; (1892) 10,091.

BORRELISTS, n. bor'rěl-ists [from Borrel, the founder of the sect]: a Christian sect in Holland who reject the sacraments and other externals of Christian worship, combining this with austerity of life.

BORROMEAN ISLANDS, bor-ro-mě'an: group of small islands in the Lago Maggiore, n. Italy. They are in the western arm of the lake, called the Bay of Tosa, and are named after the family of Borromeo, which for centuries has been in possession of the richest estates in the neighborhood. They are sometimes called also Isole dei Conigli, on account of the number of rabbits found on them. They were little more than naked rocks, till Vitaliano, Count Borromeo, master-general of ordnance to the king of Spain, about 1671, caused soil to be carried to them, built terraces, and converted them into gardens, the beauty of which and of their situation has won for them the name of the En chanted Islands. The two most celebrated are Isola Bella and Isola Madre. On the w. side of Isola Bella stands a palace of the Borromeo family, containing many admirable paintings and other works of art. The Salle terrene, a series of grottos, inlaid with stones of various colors and adorned with fountains, connect the palace with the gardens, the terraced style of which gives to the whole island the appearance of a truncated pyramid; a colossal winged unicorn, the armorial device of the Borromeo family, crowning the whole. Isola Madre is laid out in the same terraced style, and is crowned by a castle. The odors of flowers from the islands, upon which grow many plants of tropical climates, are wafted far over the lake. The Isola de' Pesca

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tori now contains a village of about 400 inhabitants, who subsist by fishing and smuggling.

BORROMEO, bor-ro-ma'o, CARLO, Count, Cardinal, Archbishop of Milan: saint of the Church of Rome: 1538, Oct. 2-1584, Nov. 3; b. at the Castle of Arona, on the Lago Maggiore, the family seat of his ancestors. He studied law at Pavia, and took the degree of doctor 1559. His uncle, Pope Pius IV., on being raised to the pontificate in 1560, appointed him to a number of high offices, notwithstanding his youth. B. showed great faithfulness and ability in governing Ancona, Bologna, and other parts of the States of the Church as legate, and in discharging the duties of offices connected with ecclesiastical administration at Rome. Surrounded with magnificence and luxury, he was always grave, pious, and rigid in his life, studious, and a patron of letters. His uncle, the pope, made him his grand penitentiary, and did nothing considerable without his cooperation. It was in a great measure by his influence that the re-opening of the Council of Trent was accomplished, and that its deliberations were brought to a conclusion so favorable to the papal throne. He committed its decrees to memory, had the principal part in drawing up the Catechismus Romanus for exposition of them, and proceeded to give all possible effect to them in his archiepiscopal province. B.'s exertions, not only for the improvement of ecclesiastical discipline, but also for the reformation of morals in the archbishopric of Milan, drew upon him the hostility of the monastic orders, and also to some extent that of the Spanish authorities in Milan, who were jealous of the extension of his jurisdiction. An attempt was even made upon his life in 1569. He spent great part of his income in beautifying the cathedral and other churches. With a view to provide well-qualified priests, he founded, 1570, the Helvetic College at Milan. He brought about an alliance of the seven Rom. Catholic cantons, known as the Golden Borromean League, for the united defense of their faith. In the famine of 1570, and during the plague in Milan 1576, he showed equal energy, benevolence, and devotedness, saving the lives of multitudes by prompt arrangements for relief. He died, exhausted by labors and austerities. Many supposed miracles at his tomb led to his being canonized 1616. His theological works were published at Milan 1747, 5 vols. folio. On the w. bank of the Lago Maggiore, in the neighborhood of his birthplace, is a colossal brazen statue of him.

His brother's son, Count Frederico Borromeo, b. 1563, also was a cardinal, and 1595-1631 abp. of Milan, and was the founder of the Ambrosian Library (q.v.)

BORROW, v. bòr'-rõ [AS. borg or borh, a surety, a loanfrom AS. beorgan, to protect: Dut. borg, a pledge; Ger. bürge, a surety]: to obtain money on security; to solicit from another on loan; to receive on credit for a time; to imitate; to copy: N. in Scot, and OE., 'a pledge.' BORROWING, imp. soliciting on loan: N. the act or practice of soliciting on loan. BOR'ROWED, pp. -rōd, used as one's own

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which really belongs to another; assumed, as in manners or dress; fictitious; copied. BOR'ROWER, n. -ér, one who.

BORROW, bor'rō, GEORGE: 1803-1881, July 30; b. Norfolk: English author. From his earliest years he had extraordinary talent for languages, and strong inclination for adventure. In his youth he lived some time among gypsies, acquiring an exact knowledge of their language, manners, and customs. His travels as agent for the British and Foreign Bible Soc. through almost all countries of Europe and a part of Africa, made him familiar with many modern languages, even to their dialectic peculiarities. Whatever was little known had peculiar charms for him, and he shrunk from neither toil nor danger. True to his youthful predilection, he made the gypsies scattered over every part of Europe one of the principal subjects of his study. His first work, The Zincali, or an Account of the Gypsies in Spain (2 vols. Lond. 1841), made a favorable impression by its lively and dramatic style. It was followed by The Bible in Spain (2 vols., Lond. 1843), a book to which chiefly its author is indebted for his celebrity, and which consists of a narrative of personal adventures, in which the graphic power of the style amply compensates for the rather unmethodical arrangement of the book. After a long interval, B. published a work long before announced, Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and the Priest (3 vols., Lond. 1851), generally regarded as an autobiography, with a spice of fancy mingling with fact. The principal character is depicted with extravagant exaggeration; and the somewhat bizarre originality which gave a peculiar zest to the author's earlier works here appears as mannerism. The book left the hero in the midst of his adventures, and was not continued until 1857, when B. published The Romany Rye, a sequel to Lavengro. He published Wild Wales 1862, and Romano Lavo-Lil 1874.

BOR ROWING, in Law: soliciting and receiving on loan. In the case of money, several legal applications of a general nature, regarding bonds, mortgages, and other similar securities, have to be considered: see these titles. More strictly, borrowing may be described as a contract under the law of bailments (see CONTRACT), and may be briefly and simply defined as asking or taking a loan. The essentials of this contract are, that there must be a certain specific thing lent, such as a book, an article of furniture, a horse, or it may be a house, land, or even an incorporeal right. But in the law of England the contract is confined to goods and chattels or personal property, and does not extend to real estate. Lord Chief-Justice Holt's definition described it as a borrowing of a thing lent, in contradistinction to a thing deposited. or sold, or intrusted to another for the sole benefit or purposes of the owner. Again, the borrowing must be gratuitous and for the borrower's use, which use must be the principal object, and not a mere accessory. Such use, too, may be for a limited time or for an indefinite period. The contract must be also of a legal nature, for if it is immoral, or against law, it is utterly void; this, however, is a necessary qualifi