BOTRYOID-BOTRYTIS.

little plant, frequent in dry mountain pastures, but not applied to any particular use. Α species more worthy of notice is B. Virginicum, of which the geographical distribution is very remarkable. It abounds in America in many parts of the southern states, the mountains of Mexico, etc.; in Australia; in some parts of Asia, as the Himalaya Mountains; and is found also in Norway, though in no other part of Europe. It is large and succulent, and is boiled and eaten in the Himalaya, in New Zealand, etc. It is called RATTLESNAKE FERN in some parts of America. There are five other species and varieties in e. United States.

Moonwort Fern.

BOTRYOID, bot'ri-oyd, or BOTRYOIDAL, a. bot'ri-oy' dal [Gr. botrus, a bunch of grapes; eidos, shape]: resembling a cluster of grapes. BOTRIOLITE, n. bot'ri-o-lit [Gr. lithos, a stone]: a mineral composed chiefly of lime, silica, and boracic acid (Datolite).

BOTRYTIS, bo-tri'tis: genus of Fungi (q.v.) now distributed;

some

(Botrychium Lunaria.) are conidial forms of various Ascomycetes; many are known as Mold (q.v.) and Mildew (q.v.). The name was given from the resemblance of the stalked asexual spores (conidia) to grapes in clusters or rows; but all parts of these fungi are so minute as to need the microscope for examination. To the unaided eye the visible parts resemble frost or white powder. The most important in economical respects are the species that affect the silk-worm, the grape-vine, and the potato, the first assuming after death a floury appearance (see MUSCARDINE). The name Botrytis infestans was given to the species causing the potato rot' (q.v.) on discovering its nature subsequently to the great destruction of the crop in 1842 and 45. The name Peronospora has been substituted for Botrytis and the genus made the type of a family or order Peronosporea-in some classifications included in a class Caloblastec (meaning hollow branch, that is, filaments without internal partitions), and belonging to the great division Oösporea. The Peronospores grow in the cells of higher plants, the thread-like mycelium penetrating everywhere, and often sending bulb-like processes, called haustoria, into adjacent cells to drink up the fluids of the host in which the fungus is parasitic. Some infest mostly the under surface of leaves; the potato fungus penetrates every part of the plant, including the tubers.-There are two modes of reproduction in this genus. The asexual is from spores-represented in the figures as terminal on branchlets-borne on mycelial threads (hyphæ) that emerge through the breathing-pores (Stomata-q.v.) usually on the

BOTRYTIS.

under side of a leaf (see LEAVES). The spores fall, and, alighting on other leaves, send into the tissues a speedily growing filament which branches into a new mycelial network. In some cases however, a spore internally subdi

Peronospora parasitica:

a, plant, with mycelium, magnified; b, extremity of branch, with fructification; c, fructification, more highly magnified.

vides itself into ciliated zoospores which have locomotion, and work their way in or over the ground, or more directly come in contact with a plant, when they rest and send in a growing filament. The other or sexual reproduction is within the intercellular spaces of the host-plant. Short

Peronspora infestans:

a, Young plants proceeding from stomata.

b, Section of potato-leaf, showing the mode in which the mycelium creeps among the loose tissue of the leaf.

lateral branches of two kinds are put forth from mycelial filaments; one swells into a spherical oögonium; another becomes a club-shaped antheridium, which, meeting the first, penetrates it with a fertilizing tube, through which protoplasm is discharged. The oösphere, inclosed in the oögo

BOTTS-BOTTA.

nium, becomes invested with a thick cell-wall, and is able to endure a drought or a winter to renew the species. The order has but one other genus, Cystopus, the conidia of which are formed beneath the epidermis of the host. Peronospora parasitica and Cystopus candidus infest especially the Crucifer family of plants; P. viticola is the grape mildew; and there are many other species.

BOTS, or BOTTS, n. bōts [Gael. boiteag, a maggot; bouds, maggots in barley]: a disease of horses caused by small worms hatched in their intestines from the larvæ of the bot-fly. BOTT, n. bot, a belly-worm, especially in horses: see BOT-BOT-FLY and GAD-FLY.

BOTTA, bot'â, CARLO GIUSEPPE GUGLIELMO: 17661837, Aug. 10; b. S. Giorgio del Canavese, in Piedmont: Italian poet and historian. He studied medicine in Turin. In 1794, he became a physician to the French army, and in 1799, he, Carlo Aurelio de Bossi, and Carlo Giulio, were appointed the provisional government of Piedmont. They were known as Il triumvirato de tre' Carli. After the battle of Marengo, he became a member of the Piedmontese Consulta. In the Corps Legislatif he gave offense to Napoleon by designating his government as despotic. In 1830 he was allowed to return to his native town, and was pensioned by Charles Albert, He died in Paris. Of his works of earlier date are the following, in which his admirable historic style is gradually developed: Description de l'Ile de Corfu (2 vols., Par. 1799); Souvenirs d'un Voyage en Dalmatie (Tur. 1802); Précis Historique de la Maison de Savoie (Par. 1803); Histoire de l'Amérique (Par. 1809). His epic poem in twelve books, Il Camillo o Vejo Conquistata (Par. 1816), was favorably received. But his most important works are his Storia d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814 (Par. 1824), which has gone through many editions, and for which he received the quinquennial prize of 1,000 Tuscan dollars, founded by the Grand Duke Ferdinand II., 1814, in the Accademia della Crusca at Florence; his Histoire des Peuples d'Italie (3 vols., Par. 1825), in which he denies to the Christian religion and to philosophy the credit of having civilized Europe, and ascribes it to the restoration of learning; and the Storia d'Italia dal 1490 al 1814 (20 vols., Par. 1832), which consists of Guicciardini's work (1490-1534), Botta's continuation of it (1535-1789), and the above-mentioned Storia d'Italia.

BOTTA, PAUL EMILE: French archeologist and traveller: 1805-70; son of Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo B. While young he undertook a voyage round the world, and remained long about the w. coasts of America. In 1830 he entered the service of Mehemet Ali as a physician, and was in the Egyptian expedition to Senaar. The French govt. appointed him consul in Alexandria, and he made a journey in Arabia, whose results he gave in Relation d'un Voyage dans l'Yemen, etc. (Par. 1844). Being appointed consular agent to Mosul, B. began, at the instigation of the German orientalist Julius Möhl, a series of discoveries which form an epoch in archæological science. In 1843, B.

BOTTA-BÖTTGER.

began his diggings in the heaps of ruins near the Tigris, for monuments of Assyrian antiquity, and his reports, with disquisitions on the cuneiform writing of the Assyrians, are in Mémoires de l'Ecriture Cuneiforme Assyrienne (Par. 1848). The French govt. appointed a commission of learned men to conduct the publication of a magnificent archæological work, published under B's special superintendence, with the title, Monument de Ninive, découvert et decrit par Botta, mesuré et dessiné par Flandin (Par. 1849-50). In 1848, he published the Inscriptions découvertes à Khorsabad. In 1846, B. was appointed consul at Jerusalem, and, 1857, at Tripoli. He returned to France, 1868, and died at Achères, near Poissy. Although in abundance of results B. was far exceeded by Layard (q.v.), yet he certainly laid the foundation of Assyrian archeology. See ASSYRIA.

BOTTA, bot' ta, ANNE CHARLOTTE (LYNCH): author: 1815, Nov. 11-1891, Mar. 23; b. Bennington, Vt. She was educated in Albany, N. Y., and wrote for magazines while quite young. After several years in Providence, R. I., she settled in New York, and married Prof. Vincenzo Botta (q.v.) 1855. She achieved reputation as a writer of poems in a finished style of literary art, including among the best examples, Paul at Athens, Webster, Books, and Wasted Fountains, while she was specially successful in composing sonnets. Her poems were first collected 1845, and a new edition 1884 finely illustrated. She published also a Handbook of Universal Literature (1860), which gained much reputation and became a text-book in educational institutions. Her residence in New York became a prominent social centre forpersons eminent in literature and art.

BOTTA, VINCENZO, PH.D.; author: 1818, Nov. 11-1894, Oct. 5; b. Piedmont, Italy. After receiving his education in the Univ. of Turin, he was made a prof. in that institution. He came to the United States 1853, and was made prof. of the Italian language and literature in the Univ. of the City of New York. B. published Dante as Philosopher, Patriot, and Poet (1865); A ̃Historical Account of Modern Philosophy in Italy; and other works.

BOTTEL, or BOTTLE, n. bot' tl [F. botel, diminutive of botte, a bunch or bundle: Gael. boiteal]: a bundle of hay or grass.

BÖTTGER, or BÖTTCHER, böt ger, or BÖTTIGER, böt teger, JOHANN FRIEDRICH: 1682-1719, Mar. 13; b. ReussSchleiz: improver of the porcelain manufacture. He was apprenticed to an apothecary in Berlin, but became an enthusiast in the search for the philosopher's stone, for which he involved himself in many difficulties. He found patrons at the court of Saxony, and received large sums, but as he did not succeed in making gold, he was required to reveal his secret in writing. The king, dissatisfied with this production, sought to avail himself of the skill which B. really possessed, with a view to the manufacture of porcelain. B. was compelled, accordingly, to enter upon these experiments, of which the celebrated Meissen Porcelain was the result: see POTTERY. To prevent the revelation of the

BOTTICELLI-BOTTLE.

art he and his assistants were treated as prisoners; and when Saxony was invaded by Charles XII. of Sweden, 1706, they were removed from Dresden to Königstein.

BOTTICELLI, bot-e-chěl'e, SANDRO (originally Alessandro_Filipepi): 1447-1515; b. Florence: eminent painter of the Tuscan school. He was at first apprenticed to Botticelli, a goldsmith, whose name he assumed; but as he showed genius for painting, he was transferred to the school of Fra Lippo Lippi. In his youth and early manhood, B. felt the spell of classical mythology, and produced many works on classical subjects-the finest his Birth of Venus, now at the Uffizi, and his Venus with the Graces, now at the Florence Acad. Numerous devotional pictures from his hand exist also, most of them marked by much imaginative refinement. His coloring is rich and fanciful, the light often enriched by gold, and the minutest care is shown in all the details. His flowers, especially his roses, are painted with marvellous delicacy. In the countenances, whether of Madonnas and angels, or of Venuses and Graces, there is a fascinating expression of wistful melancholy. Perhaps B.'s greatest works are the three frescoes, representing the Life of Moses, the Destruction of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, and the Temptation of Christ, in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican. He was powerfully impressed by the teaching of Savonarola; and, according to Vasari, his latter years were given to the study of the mystical theology. He seems also to be in part the author of a series of engravings in a primitive style.

He

BÖTTIGER, böt'e-ger, KARL AUGUST: 1760, June 81835, Nov. 17; b. Reichenbach, Saxony: one of the most erudite and thoughtful archeologists of Germany. studied at Leipsic. In 1791, chiefly through the influence of Herder, he was appointed director of the gymnasium, and consistorial councilor at Weimar. Here he enjoyed the stimulating society of Schiller, Herder, Wieland, Goethe, and others. His literary activity at this period was prodigious. He edited several journals, and wrote multitudes of reviews, biographical notices, etc., for the Allgemeine Zeitung. In 1804 B. was called to Dresden, where he began to deliver lectures on special branches of classical antiquities and art. The result of these was: Discourses on Archæology (Dresden, 1807); On Museums and Collections of Antiques (Leip. 1808); The Aldobrandinian Marriage Festival (a mythico-allegorical interpretation of a picture discovered by a member of the Florentine family of Aldobrandini, representing a Roman marriage (Dresden, 1810); Thoughts on the Archeology of Painting (Dresden, 1811); and the Mythology of Art (Dresden, 1811). In 1814 appeared his Lectures on the Dresden Gallery of Antiques (Dresden); in 1821-25, his Amalthea, or Museum of Mythological Art etc. (Leip.); and in 1826, his Thoughts on Mythological Art (Dresden and Leipsic). 1n 1832 B. was elected a member of the French Institute. His works, both in Latin and in German, have been collected and edited by Sillig.

BOTTLE, n. bot'tl [F. bouteille, a bottle, a bubble-from